{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T09:59:10Z","timestamp":1789725550302,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":190,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]],"date-time":"2018-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The recent resurgence of yellow fever virus (YFV) activity in the tropical regions of Africa and South America has sparked renewed interest in this infamous arboviral disease. Yellow fever virus had been a human plague for centuries prior to the identification of its urban transmission vector, the Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus) mosquito species, and the development of an efficient live-attenuated vaccine, the YF-17D strain. The combination of vector-control measures and vaccination campaigns drastically reduced YFV incidence in humans on many occasions, but the virus never ceased to circulate in the forest, through its sylvatic invertebrate vector(s) and vertebrate host(s). Outbreaks recently reported in Central Africa (2015\u20132016) and Brazil (since late 2016), reached considerable proportions in terms of spatial distribution and total numbers of cases, with multiple exports, including to China. In turn, questions about the likeliness of occurrence of large urban YFV outbreaks in the Americas or of a successful import of YFV to Asia are currently resurfacing. This two-part review describes the current state of knowledge and gaps regarding the molecular biology and transmission dynamics of YFV, along with an overview of the tools that can be used to manage the disease at individual, local and global levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9060291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]],"date-time":"2018-06-08T11:19:31Z","timestamp":1528456771000},"page":"291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["What Does the Future Hold for Yellow Fever Virus? (I)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7777-0308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rapha\u00eblle","family":"Klitting","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 des Virus \u00c9mergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection), 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ernest","family":"Gould","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 des Virus \u00c9mergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection), 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Paupy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: \u00c9cologie, G\u00e9n\u00e9tique \u00c9volution et Contr\u00f4le (MIVEGEC: IRD, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 Montpellier), 34394 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"De Lamballerie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 des Virus \u00c9mergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Universit\u00e9, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IHU M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e Infection), 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bryant, J.E., Holmes, E.C., and Barrett, A.D. (2007). Out of Africa: A molecular perspective on the introduction of yellow fever virus into the Americas. PLoS Pathog., 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030075"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Strode, G.K. (1951). Yellow Fever, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(03)59008-X","article-title":"Origins, evolution, and vector\/host coadaptations within the genus Flavivirus.","volume":"59","author":"Gould","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/ae\/37.1.14","article-title":"Evolutionary genetics and arthropod-borne diseases: The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti.","volume":"37","author":"Tabachnick","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1931.02730220067032","article-title":"Yellow fever: An epidemiological and historical study of its place of origin","volume":"97","author":"Carter","year":"1931","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"474","article-title":"John Williams and the early history of yellow fever","volume":"2","author":"Findlay","year":"1948","journal-title":"Br. Med J."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Schotte, J.P., Murray, J., and Scott, M. (1782). A Treatise on the Synochus Atrabiliosa, a Contagious Fever: Wich Raged at Senegal in the Year 1778, and Proved Fatal to the Greatest Part of the Europeans, and to a Number of the Natives: To Which is Prefixed, a Journal of the Weather during the Prevalence of that Disease ...; And Annexed to it, a Short Reflexion on the Gum Trade of Senegal, and the Importance of the Place on that Account, Printed for the author, by M. Scott, and sold by J. Murray."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"31","article-title":"In the days of the epidemic: The 1793 yellow fever outbreak in Philadelphia as seen by physicians","volume":"15","author":"Eckert","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trans Stud. Coll. Phys. Phila."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Rush, B. (1796). Medical Inquiries and Observations, J. Conrad & Co."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"199","article-title":"Mississippi and the yellow fever epidemics of 1878\u20131879","volume":"33","author":"Legan","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Miss Hist."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Bloom, K.J. (1993). The Mississippi Valley\u2019s Great Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1878, Louisiana State University Press."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"125","article-title":"The city in the face of contagion: Political measures and administrative dictates in the 1804 yellow fever epidemic in Alicante","volume":"54","year":"2002","journal-title":"Asclepio"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"9","article-title":"Contagiousness of yellow fever in the Netherlands between 1820 and 1825. Medical and sanitary aspects of a polymorphic disease","volume":"40","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hist. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"405","article-title":"The \"plague\" of Barcelona. Yellow fever epidemic of 1821","volume":"92","author":"Chastel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Waddell, D. (1990\u20131992). Yellow fever in Europe in the early 19th century\u2014Cadiz 1819. Rep. Proc. Scott. Soc. Hist. Med., 20\u201334."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1017\/S0025727300045737","article-title":"Yellow fever in South Wales, 1865","volume":"30","author":"Smith","year":"1986","journal-title":"Med. Hist."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Cook, G. (2007). Tropical Medicine: An Illustrated History of The Pioneers, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1878.tb01837.x","article-title":"On the development of Filaria sanguinis Hominis, and on the mosquito considered as a nurse","volume":"14","author":"Manson","year":"1879","journal-title":"J. Linn. Soc. Zool."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1","article-title":"Further observations on Filaria sanguinis Hominis. Medical Reports, for the half-year ended 30th September, 1877","volume":"14","author":"Manson","year":"1878","journal-title":"Med. Rep. China Imp. Marit. Cust. Shanghai"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/166.suppl_1.6","article-title":"The mosquito hypothetically considered as the agent of transmission of yellow fever","volume":"166","author":"Finlay","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"617","article-title":"A note on the interval between infecting and secondary cases of yellow fever from the records of the yellow fever at Orwood and Taylor, Miss., in 1898","volume":"52","author":"Carter","year":"1900","journal-title":"New Orleans Med. Surg. J."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"694","article-title":"A correlation of some facts in the propagation of yellow fever, with the theory of its conveyance by the Culex fasciatus","volume":"7","author":"Carter","year":"1901","journal-title":"Phila. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"361","article-title":"The period of incubation of yellow fever: A study from unpublished observations","volume":"59","author":"Carter","year":"1901","journal-title":"Med. Rec."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"933","article-title":"A note on the spread of yellow fever in houses. Extrinsic incubation","volume":"59","author":"Carter","year":"1901","journal-title":"Med. Rec."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"563","article-title":"The cause of yellow fever","volume":"4","author":"Nott","year":"1848","journal-title":"New Orleans Med. Surg. J."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"37","article-title":"The etiology of yellow fever-a preliminary note","volume":"26","author":"Reed","year":"1900","journal-title":"Public Health Pap. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/166.suppl_1.55","article-title":"Experimental yellow fever. 1901","volume":"166","author":"Reed","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/166.suppl_1.62","article-title":"The etiology of yellow fever: A supplemental note. 1902","volume":"166","author":"Reed","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12261","article-title":"History of the discovery of the mode of transmission of yellow fever virus","volume":"42","author":"Clements","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vector Ecol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/S1201-9712(97)90015-1","article-title":"Experimental transmission of yellow fever virus to laboratory animals","volume":"2","author":"Stokes","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Association for the Advancement of Science (1899). The Bacillus icteroides as the cause of yellow fever. Science, 10, 379\u2013380.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.10.246.379"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1928.02690310005002","article-title":"The transmission of yellow fever to Macacus rhesus","volume":"90","author":"Stokes","year":"1928","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1928.s1-8.103","article-title":"Experimental transmission of yellow fever to laboratory animals","volume":"8","author":"Stokes","year":"1928","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"2441","article-title":"Hommage to Jean Laigret (1893\u20131966). Small history of the discovery of the vaccination against yellow fever","volume":"74","author":"Laigret","year":"1966","journal-title":"Press. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1126\/science.71.1840.367.a","article-title":"Susceptibility of white mice to the virus of yellow fever","volume":"71","author":"Theiler","year":"1930","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.15.5.516","article-title":"On the permanent life of tissues outside of the organism","volume":"15","author":"Carrel","year":"1912","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-29-5917","article-title":"Studies of yellow fever virus in tissue culture","volume":"29","author":"Haagen","year":"1932","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.65.6.787","article-title":"The use of yellow fever virus modified by in vitro cultivation for human immunization","volume":"65","author":"Theiler","year":"1937","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.65.6.767","article-title":"The effect of prolonged cultivation in vitro upon the pathogenicity of yellow fever virus","volume":"65","author":"Theiler","year":"1937","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Barrett, M.G.S. (2012). Yellow Fever Vaccine, Elsevier. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holbrook, M.R. (2017). Historical perspectives on flavivirus research. Viruses, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9050097"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"31","article-title":"Sylvatic yellow fever in Africa recent advances and present approach (author\u2019s transl)","volume":"41","author":"Germain","year":"1981","journal-title":"Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1126\/science.88.2274.110","article-title":"Yellow fever virus in jungle mosquitoes","volume":"88","author":"Shannon","year":"1938","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1950.11685460","article-title":"The cyclical transmission of yellow fever virus through the grivet monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops centralis Neumann, and the mosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) africanus Theobald","volume":"44","author":"Ross","year":"1950","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"855","article-title":"Studies on yellow fever in Ethiopia. 3. Serological and virological studies of the woodland fauna","volume":"38","author":"Andral","year":"1968","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1952.11685516","article-title":"A review of the results of yellow fever protection-tests on the sera of primates from Kenya","volume":"46","author":"Haddow","year":"1952","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1949.11685396","article-title":"An outbreak of sylvan yellow fever in Uganda with Aedes (Stegomyia) africanus Theobald as principal vector and insect host of the virus","volume":"43","author":"Smithburn","year":"1949","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1980.29.912","article-title":"Yellow fever in the Gambia, 1978\u20131979: Epidemiologic aspects with observations on the occurrence of orungo virus infections","volume":"29","author":"Monath","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(03)61007-9","article-title":"Epidemiology and ecology of yellow fever virus","volume":"61","author":"Barrett","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1980.29.929","article-title":"Yellow fever in the Gambia, 1978\u20131979: Entomological aspects and epidemiological correlations","volume":"29","author":"Germain","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2012.08.015","article-title":"Evolutionary and ecological factors underlying the tempo and distribution of yellow fever virus activity","volume":"13","author":"Carrington","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e270","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30024-X","article-title":"Existing and potential infection risk zones of yellow fever worldwide: A modelling analysis","volume":"6","author":"Shearer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1177\/194008291000300107","article-title":"The role of monkeys, mosquitoes, and humans in the occurrence of a yellow fever outbreak in a fragmented landscape in South Brazil: Protecting howler monkeys is a matter of public health","volume":"3","author":"Freitas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop. Conserv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Strode, G.K. (1951). The mammalian host in yellow fever. Yellow Fever, McGraw Hill."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(90)90411-7","article-title":"Sylvatic yellow fever activity in Trinidad, 1988\u20131989","volume":"84","author":"Rawlins","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2101.140814","article-title":"Enzootic transmission of yellow fever virus, Venezuela","volume":"21","author":"Auguste","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0908.030075","article-title":"Enzootic transmission of yellow fever virus in Peru","volume":"9","author":"Bryant","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.584","article-title":"The enigma of yellow fever in East Africa","volume":"18","author":"Ellis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lequime, S., Paul, R.E., and Lambrechts, L. (2016). Determinants of arbovirus vertical transmission in mosquitoes. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005548"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1953.11685562","article-title":"Animals and yellow fever infection in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan","volume":"47","author":"Kirk","year":"1953","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"136","article-title":"Experimental transmission of the yellow fever virus by the tick Amblyomma variegatum (F.) (author\u2019s transl)","volume":"75","author":"Cornet","year":"1982","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. Fil."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"635","article-title":"Isolation of the yellow fever virus from an egg-cluster and the larvae of the tick Amblyomma variegatum.","volume":"289","author":"Germain","year":"1979","journal-title":"CR Seances Acad. Sci. D"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70147-5","article-title":"The revised global yellow fever risk map and recommendations for vaccination, 2010: Consensus of the Informal WHO Working Group on Geographic Risk for Yellow Fever","volume":"11","author":"Jentes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"125","article-title":"SPHJFJMJRYGBCJaVMF. Isolements du virus de la fi\u00e8vre jaune \u00e0 partir d\u2019Aedes du groupe A. africanus (Theobald) en R\u00e9publique Centrafricaine : Importance des savanes humides et semi-humides en tant que zone d\u2019\u00e9mergence du virus amaril","volume":"14","author":"Germain","year":"1976","journal-title":"Cahiers ORSTOM S\u00e9r. Entomol. M\u00e9d. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"271","article-title":"Bio\u00e9cologie compar\u00e9e d\u2019Aedes (Stegomyia) opok Corbet et Van Someren et A. (S.) africanus (Theobald) dans une galerie foresti\u00e8re du sud de l\u2019Empire Centrafricain, I.I. Cycles saisonniers d\u2019abondance","volume":"15","author":"Herve","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cahiers ORSTOM S\u00e9r. Entomol. M\u00e9d. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"1","article-title":"The subgenus Stegomyia of Aedes in the Afrotropical region. I. The africanus group of species (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"26","author":"Huang","year":"1990","journal-title":"Contrib. Am. Entomol. Inst."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2018, June 04). Dengue and Severe Dengue. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs117\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2009.05.005","article-title":"Aedes albopictus, an arbovirus vector: From the darkness to the light","volume":"11","author":"Paupy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0808-3","article-title":"Invasion of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) into central Africa: What consequences for emerging diseases?","volume":"8","author":"Ngoagouni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0005","article-title":"Comparative role of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti in the emergence of Dengue and Chikungunya in central Africa","volume":"10","author":"Paupy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0736","article-title":"A Chikungunya outbreak associated with the vector Aedes albopictus in remote villages of Gabon","volume":"12","author":"Paupy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis530","article-title":"Recent introduction and rapid dissemination of Chikungunya virus and Dengue virus serotype 2 associated with human and mosquito coinfections in Gabon, central Africa","volume":"55","author":"Caron","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"460","article-title":"Vector competence of Aedes albopictus from Houston, Texas, for dengue serotypes 1 to 4, yellow fever and Ross River viruses","volume":"3","author":"Mitchell","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30361","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.39.30361","article-title":"French Aedes albopictus are able to transmit yellow fever virus","volume":"21","author":"Amraoui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4848","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05186-3","article-title":"Potential risk of re-emergence of urban transmission of yellow fever virus in Brazil facilitated by competent Aedes populations.","volume":"7","author":"Madec","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garske, T., Van Kerkhove, M.D., Yactayo, S., Ronveaux, O., Lewis, R.F., Staples, J.E., Perea, W., and Ferguson, N.M. (2014). Yellow Fever Expert Committee. Yellow Fever in Africa: Estimating the burden of disease and impact of mass vaccination from outbreak and serological data. PLoS Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001638"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"315","article-title":"Recent advances in research regarding sylvatic yellow fever in West and Central Africa","volume":"80","author":"Germain","year":"1982","journal-title":"Bull. Inst. Pasteur"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/23.2.196","article-title":"Aedes (Stegomyia) bromeliae (Diptera: Culicidae), the yellow fever virus vector in East Africa","volume":"23","author":"Huang","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(65)90062-3","article-title":"Yellow fever in Central Uganda, 1964. Part I. Historical introduction","volume":"59","author":"Haddow","year":"1965","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1928.02690530019007","article-title":"The transmission of yellow fever by mosquitoes other than Aedes aegypti","volume":"26","author":"Bauer","year":"1928","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1929.s1-9.267","article-title":"Preliminary report of further tests with yellow fever transmission by mosquitoes other than Aedes Aegypti","volume":"9","author":"Philip","year":"1929","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"787","article-title":"Investigations into yellow fever virus and other arboviruses in the northern regions of Kenya","volume":"42","author":"Henderson","year":"1970","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.59.650","article-title":"First recorded outbreak of yellow fever in Kenya, 1992-1993. II. Entomologic investigations","volume":"59","author":"Reiter","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90417-7","article-title":"Laboratory vector competence experiments with yellow fever virus and five South African mosquito species including Aedes aegypti.","volume":"96","author":"Jupp","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.03.008","article-title":"Fever versus fever: The role of host and vector susceptibility and interspecific competition in shaping the current and future distributions of the sylvatic cycles of dengue virus and yellow fever virus","volume":"19","author":"Hanley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lilay, A., Asamene, N., Bekele, A., Mengesha, M., Wendabeku, M., Tareke, I., Girmay, A., Wuletaw, Y., Adossa, A., and Ba, Y. (2017). Reemergence of yellow fever in Ethiopia after 50 years, 2013: Epidemiological and entomological investigations. BMC Infect Dis., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2435-4"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"165","article-title":"Circulation selvatique du virus Dengue 2 en 1980, dans les savanes sub-soudaniennes de C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: Donn\u00e9es entomologiques et consid\u00e9rations \u00e9pid\u00e9miologiques","volume":"21","author":"Cordellier","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cahiers ORSTOM S\u00e9r. Entomol. M\u00e9d. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"396","article-title":"Epidemic yellow fever caused by an incompetent mosquito vector","volume":"40","author":"Miller","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"341","article-title":"Yellow fever as an endemic\/epidemic disease and priorities for vaccination","volume":"99","author":"Monath","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0399-077X(79)80024-4","article-title":"Une pouss\u00e9e \u00e9pizootique de fi\u00e8vre jaune selvatique au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal oriental. Isolement du virus de lots de moustiques adultes m\u00e2les et femelles","volume":"9","author":"Cornet","year":"1979","journal-title":"Med. Mal. Infect."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1979.28.119","article-title":"Transovarial transmission of yellow fever virus by mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti)","volume":"28","author":"Aitken","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1980.29.125","article-title":"Transovarial transmission of yellow fever virus in Stegomyia mosquitoes","volume":"29","author":"Beaty","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"45","article-title":"Yellow fever in Senegal from 1976 to 1980 (author\u2019s transl)","volume":"41","author":"Salaun","year":"1981","journal-title":"Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"23","article-title":"Transovarial transmission of arboviruses by mosquitoes (author\u2019s transl)","volume":"41","author":"Rosen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90013-4","article-title":"First evidence of natural vertical transmission of yellow fever virus in Aedes aegypti, its epidemic vector","volume":"91","author":"Fontenille","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.62.151","article-title":"Vertical transmission of the yellow fever virus by Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae): Dynamics of infection in F1 adult progeny of orally infected females","volume":"62","author":"Diallo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1007\/s00239-001-0064-3","article-title":"Rates of molecular evolution in RNA viruses: A quantitative phylogenetic analysis","volume":"54","author":"Jenkins","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01738-09","article-title":"Yellow fever virus exhibits slower evolutionary dynamics than dengue virus","volume":"84","author":"Sall","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1995.1326","article-title":"An arbovirus cline across the northern hemisphere","volume":"210","author":"Zanotto","year":"1995","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.07.019","article-title":"Survival dynamics of tick-borne encephalitis virus in Ixodes ricinus ticks","volume":"5","author":"Slovak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(82)90161-4","article-title":"Yellow fever and Zika virus epizootics and enzootics in Uganda","volume":"76","author":"McCrae","year":"1982","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20796","article-title":"Impact of yellow fever outbreaks on two howler monkey species (Alouatta guariba clamitans and A. caraya) in Misiones, Argentina","volume":"72","author":"Holzmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.21010","article-title":"Yellow fever outbreak affecting Alouatta populations in southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul State), 2008\u20132009","volume":"74","author":"Noll","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652013000100008","article-title":"Yellow fever epizootics in non-human primates, Sao Paulo state, Brazil, 2008\u20132009","volume":"55","author":"Moreno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1957.6.681","article-title":"Isolation of yellow fever virus from Haemagogus lucifer, H. equinus, H. spegazzinii falco, Sabethes chloropterus and Anopheles neivai captured in Panama in the fall of 1956","volume":"6","author":"Galindo","year":"1957","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1957.6.232","article-title":"Isolation of yellow fever virus from Haemagogus mesodentatus, H. equinus and Sabethes chloropterus captured in Guatemala in 1956","volume":"6","author":"Galindo","year":"1957","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(81)90036-5","article-title":"Transovarial transmission of yellow fever virus by a sylvatic vector, Haemagogus equinus.","volume":"75","author":"Dutary","year":"1981","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)90023-X","article-title":"and Rodrigues, S.G. Isolations of yellow fever virus from Haemagogus leucocelaenus in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil","volume":"97","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1612.100608","article-title":"Yellow fever virus in Haemagogus leucocelaenus and Aedes serratus mosquitoes, southern Brazil, 2008","volume":"16","author":"Sallum","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.53.1.7","article-title":"The elimination of urban yellow fever in the Americas through the eradication of Aedes aegypti.","volume":"53","author":"Soper","year":"1963","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health Nations Health"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(86)90345-X","article-title":"Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in the Americas: A review of their interactions with the human population","volume":"23","author":"Slosek","year":"1986","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Prince, J.A.A., and Orenstein, A.J. (1916). Mosquito Control in Panama; the Eradication of Malaria and Yellow Fever in Cuba and Panama, Putnam.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.68423"},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"PAHO (2018, June 04). Control of YFV, Field Guide, 2005. Available online: http:\/\/www.paho.org\/english\/ad\/fch\/im\/fieldguide_yellowfever.pdf."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89102010005000046","article-title":"Yellow fever in Brazil: Thoughts and hypotheses on the emergence in previously free areas","volume":"44","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamrick, P.N., Aldighieri, S., Machado, G., Leonel, D.G., Vilca, L.M., Uriona, S., and Schneider, M.C. (2017). Geographic patterns and environmental factors associated with human yellow fever presence in the Americas. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005897"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1009.040197","article-title":"Genetic divergence and dispersal of yellow fever virus, Brazil","volume":"10","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1957.11685829","article-title":"Genetical aspects of the Aedes aegypti problem. I. Taxonom: And bionomics","volume":"51","author":"Mattingly","year":"1957","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"552","article-title":"Taxonomy of Aedes aegypti and related species","volume":"36","author":"Mattingly","year":"1967","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12281","article-title":"Human impacts have shaped historical and recent evolution in Aedes aegypti, the dengue and yellow fever mosquito","volume":"68","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5377","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13866","article-title":"Global genetic diversity of Aedes aegypti.","volume":"25","author":"Ayala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4337","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13762","article-title":"Historical environmental change in Africa drives divergence and admixture of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes: A precursor to successful worldwide colonization?","volume":"25","author":"Bennett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"2446","article-title":"Worldwide patterns of genetic differentiation imply multiple \u2019domestications\u2019 of Aedes aegypti, a major vector of human diseases","volume":"278","author":"Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2012.04.012","article-title":"Genetic structure and phylogeography of Aedes aegypti, the dengue and yellow-fever mosquito vector in Bolivia","volume":"12","author":"Paupy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/4.1.48","article-title":"Status of Aedes aegypti in the Eastern Mediterranean","volume":"4","author":"Curtin","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"541","article-title":"Dynamics of Aedes aegypti distribution, density and seasonal prevalence in the Mediterranean area","volume":"36","author":"Holstein","year":"1967","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2004.03.013","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of yellow fever and dengue, 1900 to 2003: Full circle?","volume":"27","author":"Gubler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-25","article-title":"Distribution and dissemination of the Val1016Ile and Phe1534Cys Kdr mutations in Aedes aegypti Brazilian natural populations","volume":"7","author":"Linss","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monteiro, F.A., Schama, R., Shama, R., Martins, A.J., Gloria-Soria, A., Brown, J.E., and Powell, J.R. (2014). Genetic diversity of Brazilian Aedes aegypti: Patterns following an eradication program. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003167"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0698","article-title":"Adaptive diversification between yellow fever virus west african and south american lineages: A genome-wide study","volume":"96","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2595","article-title":"Fever from the forest: Prospects for the continued emergence of sylvatic dengue virus and its impact on public health","volume":"9","author":"Vasilakis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1804","article-title":"Infection of mosquito cells (C6\/36) by Dengue-2 virus interferes with subsequent infection by yellow fever virus","volume":"16","author":"Abrao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15412","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15412","article-title":"Impact of simultaneous exposure to arboviruses on infection and transmission by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes","volume":"8","author":"Ruckert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"286","article-title":"Epizootic outbreak of yellow fever virus and risk for human disease in Salvador, Brazil","volume":"165","author":"Souza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2017.06.001","article-title":"Emerging arboviruses: Why today?","volume":"4","author":"Gould","year":"2017","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30588-6","article-title":"Responding to the threat of urban yellow fever outbreaks","volume":"17","author":"Monath","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760170361","article-title":"Urgent call for action: Avoiding spread and re-urbanisation of yellow fever in Brazil","volume":"113","author":"Possas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150035","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2015.35","article-title":"The global compendium of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus occurrence","volume":"2","author":"Kraemer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6999","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.15.6999-7008.2001","article-title":"Phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships among yellow fever virus isolates in Africa","volume":"75","author":"Mutebi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9967","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00588-10","article-title":"Yellow fever virus maintenance in Trinidad and its dispersal throughout the Americas","volume":"84","author":"Auguste","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5773","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.9.5773-5780.1995","article-title":"Nucleotide sequence variation of the envelope protein gene identifies two distinct genotypes of yellow fever virus","volume":"69","author":"Chang","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-75-2-417","article-title":"Geographic distribution and evolution of yellow fever viruses based on direct sequencing of genomic cDNA fragments","volume":"75","author":"Lepiniec","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9652","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.18.9652-9665.2004","article-title":"Genetic relationships and evolution of genotypes of yellow fever virus and other members of the yellow fever virus group within the Flavivirus genus based on the 3\u2019 noncoding region","volume":"78","author":"Mutebi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.0601","article-title":"Genetic variation in yellow fever virus: Duplication in the 3\u2019 noncoding region of strains from Africa","volume":"225","author":"Wang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beck, A., Guzman, H., Li, L., Ellis, B., Tesh, R.B., and Barrett, A.D. (2013). Phylogeographic reconstruction of African yellow fever virus isolates indicates recent simultaneous dispersal into east and west Africa. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001910"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21606","article-title":"Detection of a new yellow fever virus lineage within the South American genotype I in Brazil","volume":"82","author":"Foster","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7385","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07873-7","article-title":"Phylodynamics of yellow fever virus in the Americas: New insights into the origin of the 2017 Brazilian outbreak","volume":"7","author":"Mir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez, M.M., Abreu, F.V.S., Santos, A.A.C.D., Mello, I.S., Santos, M.P., Ribeiro, I.P., Ferreira-de-Brito, A., de Miranda, R.M., de Castro, M.G., and Ribeiro, M.S. (2018). Genomic and structural features of the yellow fever virus from the 2016-2017 Brazilian outbreak. J. Gen. Virol.","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001033"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreira-Soto, A., Torres, M.C., Lima de Mendonca, M.C., Mares-Guia, M.A., Damasceno Dos Santos Rodrigues, C., Fabri, A., dos Santos, C.C., Ara\u00fajo, E.M., Fischer, C., and Nogueira, R.R. (2018). Evidence for multiple sylvatic transmission cycles during the 2016-2017 yellow fever virus outbreak, Brazil. Clin. Microbiol. Infect.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.01.026"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2014.08.030","article-title":"Yellow fever","volume":"64","author":"Monath","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(01)57001-3","article-title":"Evolution, epidemiology, and dispersal of flaviviruses revealed by molecular phylogenies","volume":"57","author":"Gould","year":"2001","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.2.548","article-title":"Population dynamics of flaviviruses revealed by molecular phylogenies","volume":"93","author":"Zanotto","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3807","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.6.3807-3821.2005","article-title":"Size heterogeneity in the 3\u2019 noncoding region of South American isolates of yellow fever virus","volume":"79","author":"Bryant","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-005-0626-6","article-title":"A multigene analysis of the phylogenetic relationships among the flaviviruses (Family: Flaviviridae) and the evolution of vector transmission","volume":"151","author":"Cook","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.4137\/EBO.S4966","article-title":"Molecular phylogeny of edge hill virus supports its position in the yellow fever virus group and identifies a new genetic variant","volume":"6","author":"Macdonald","year":"2010","journal-title":"Evol. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_155","unstructured":"Morillon, M., Mafart, B., and Matton, T. (2002). Yellow fever in Europe in 19th century. Ecological Aspects of Past Settlement in Europe, European Anthropological Association."},{"key":"ref_156","unstructured":"WHO (2018, June 04). Yellow Fever 2016. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs100\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_157","unstructured":"WHO (2018, June 04). Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals. National Programmes and Systems. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/immunization\/programmes_systems\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30419-X","article-title":"Global yellow fever vaccination coverage from 1970 to 2016: An adjusted retrospective analysis","volume":"17","author":"Shearer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_159","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2005). Progress in the control of yellow fever in Africa. Wkly Epidemiol. Rec., 80, 50\u201355."},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"92","article-title":"Yellow fever from Angola and Congo: A storm gathers","volume":"47","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop. Dr."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30513-8","article-title":"Spread of yellow fever virus outbreak in Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo 2015\u20132016: A modelling study","volume":"17","author":"Kraemer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_162","unstructured":"PAHO (2018, June 04). 24 May 2017: Yellow fever\u2014Epidemiological update. Available online: http:\/\/www.paho.org\/hq\/index.php?option=com_topics&view=article&id=69&Itemid=40784&lang=fr."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2012.03.004","article-title":"Epidemiological and laboratory characterization of a yellow fever outbreak in northern Uganda, October 2010\u2013January 2011","volume":"16","author":"Wamala","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.05.001","article-title":"Detection of yellow fever virus genomes from four imported cases in China","volume":"60","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_165","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2017). Yellow fever in Africa and the Americas, 2016. Wkly Epidemiol. Rec., 92, 442\u2013452."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2016.89","article-title":"A fatal yellow fever virus infection in China: Description and lessons","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_167","unstructured":"WHO (2016). Emergencies: Q&A: Yellow Fever Outbreak in Angola and Democratic Republic of the Congo, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2210.160818","article-title":"Resurgence of yellow fever in Angola, 2015\u20132016","volume":"22","author":"Grobbelaar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_169","unstructured":"Control NNCfd (2018, June 04). An update of yellow fever outbreak in Nigeria for Week 11, Available online: https:\/\/ncdc.gov.ng\/diseases\/sitreps\/?cat=10&name=An%20update%20of%20Yellow%20Fever%20outbreak%20in%20Nigeria."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2010.01.001","article-title":"Yellow fever: A reemerging threat","volume":"30","author":"Gardner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida, M.A., Cardoso Jda, C., Dos Santos, E., da Fonseca, D.F., Cruz, L.L., Faraco, F.J., Bercini, M.A., Vettorello, K.C., Porto, M.A., and Mohrdieck, R. (2014). Surveillance for yellow fever virus in non-human primates in southern Brazil, 2001\u20132011: A tool for prioritizing human populations for vaccination. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002741"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romano, A.P., Costa, Z.G., Ramos, D.G., Andrade, M.A., Jayme Vde, S., Almeida, M.A., Vettorello, K.C., Mascheretti, M., and Flannery, B. (2014). Yellow fever outbreaks in unvaccinated populations, Brazil, 2008\u20132009. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002740"},{"key":"ref_173","unstructured":"PAHO (2017). Epidemiological Update: Yellow Fever. 10 July 2017, Pan-American Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_174","unstructured":"Saude, M.D. (2018, June 04). Monitoramento do Per\u00edodo Sazonal da Febre Amarela Brasil\u20142017\/2018, Available online: portalarquivos2.saude.gov.br\/images\/pdf\/2018\/...\/Informe-FA.pdf."},{"key":"ref_175","unstructured":"PAHO (2018). Epidemiological Update: Yellow Fever. 20 March 2018, Pan-American Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760170134","article-title":"Genome analysis of yellow fever virus of the ongoing outbreak in Brazil reveals polymorphisms","volume":"112","author":"Bonaldo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faria, N.R., Kraemer, M.U.G., Hill, S., de Jesus, J.G., de Aguiar, R.S., Iani, F.C., Xavier, J., Quick, J., de Plessis, L., and Dellicour, S. (2018). Genomic and epidemiological monitoring of yellow fever virus transmission potential. BioRxiv 2018, doi. BioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat7115"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(05)62006-4","article-title":"The global distribution of yellow fever and dengue","volume":"62","author":"Rogers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2011.07.004","article-title":"Why dengue and yellow fever coexist in some areas of the world and not in others?","volume":"106","author":"Amaku","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)00028-X","article-title":"The epidemiology of yellow fever in Africa","volume":"4","author":"Mutebi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1985.34.1219","article-title":"Oral infection of Aedes aegypti with yellow fever virus: Geographic variation and genetic considerations","volume":"34","author":"Tabachnick","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_182","first-page":"232","article-title":"In vitro transmission of yellow fever virus by geographic strains of Aedes aegypti.","volume":"39","author":"Beaty","year":"1979","journal-title":"Mosq. News"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1970.19.110","article-title":"Immunologic studies with yellow fever and selected African group B arboviruses in rhesus and vervet monkeys","volume":"19","author":"Henderson","year":"1970","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1975.24.115","article-title":"The relative resistance of dengue-immune monkeys to yellow fever virus","volume":"24","author":"Theiler","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.04.025","article-title":"Yellow fever cases in Asia: Primed for an epidemic","volume":"48","author":"Wasserman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2016.2031","article-title":"Yellow fever remains a potential threat to public health","volume":"16","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.11.026","article-title":"Global risk mapping for major diseases transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.","volume":"67","author":"Leta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540140045025","article-title":"Yellow fever: A decade of reemergence","volume":"276","author":"Robertson","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.695","article-title":"Alteration of clinical outcome and histopathology of yellow fever virus infection in a hamster model by previous infection with heterologous flaviviruses","volume":"68","author":"Xiao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilder-Smith, A., and Leong, W.Y. (2017). Importation of yellow fever into China: Assessing travel patterns. J. Travel Med., 24.","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/tax008"}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/9\/6\/291\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:07:57Z","timestamp":1760195277000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/9\/6\/291"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]]},"references-count":190,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["genes9060291"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes9060291","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201805.0099.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,8]]}}}