{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:41:58Z","timestamp":1787740918823,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,2]],"date-time":"2018-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Listeria monocytogenes is the causative agent of listeriosis, which is an uncommon but severe infection associated with high mortality rates in humans especially in high-risk groups. This bacterium survives a variety of stress conditions (e.g., high osmolality, low pH), which allows it to colonize different niches especially niches found in food processing environments. Additionally, a considerable heterogeneity in pathogenic potential has been observed in different strains. In this study, 38 isolates of L. monocytogenes collected in Chile from clinical samples (n = 22) and non-clinical samples (n = 16) were analyzed using whole genome sequencing (WGS) to determine their genomic diversity. A core genome Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) tree using 55 additional L. monocytogenes accessions classified the Chilean isolates in lineages I (n = 25) and II (n = 13). In silico, Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) differentiated the isolates into 13 sequence types (ST) in which the most common were ST1 (15 isolates) and ST9 (6 isolates) and represented 55% of the isolates. Genomic elements associated with virulence (i.e., LIPI-1, LIPI-3, inlA, inlB, inlC, inlG, inlH, inlD, inlE, inlK, inlF, and inlJ) and stress survival (i.e., stress survival islet 1 and stress survival islet 2) were unevenly distributed among clinical and non-clinical isolates. In addition, one novel inlA premature stop codon (PMSC) was detected. Comparative analysis of L. monocytogenes circulating in Chile revealed the presence of globally distributed sequence types along with differences among the isolates analyzed at a genomic level specifically associated with virulence and stress survival.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9080396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,3]],"date-time":"2018-08-03T03:03:15Z","timestamp":1533265395000},"page":"396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Genomic Diversity of Listeria monocytogenes Isolated from Clinical and Non-Clinical Samples in Chile"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Viviana","family":"Toledo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henk C.","family":"Den Bakker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Safety and Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Hormaz\u00e1bal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Laboratorio Biom\u00e9dico, Instituto de Salud P\u00fablica de Chile, Santiago 7750000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerardo","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Agentes Antibacterianos, Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"},{"name":"Millennium Nucleus on Interdisciplinary Approach to Antimicrobial Resistance, Las Condes 12496, Lo Barnechea, Santiago 7690000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helia","family":"Bello-Toledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Agentes Antibacterianos, Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Concepci\u00f3n 4030000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6280-2215","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magaly","family":"Toro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Nutrici\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda de los Alimentos (INTA), Universidad de Chile, Macul, Santiago 7810000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8231-9397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea I.","family":"Moreno-Switt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8320000, Chile"},{"name":"Millennium Nucleus on Interdisciplinary Approach to Antimicrobial Resistance, Las Condes 12496, Lo Barnechea, Santiago 7690000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2007.05.011","article-title":"The epidemiology of human listeriosis","volume":"9","author":"Swaminathan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0505.990502","article-title":"Food-related illness and death in the United States","volume":"5","author":"Mead","year":"1999","journal-title":"Emerg. 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