{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:01:54Z","timestamp":1760241714708,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,8]],"date-time":"2018-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1533686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2012\/04767-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012\/04767-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq)","award":["308011\/2010-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["308011\/2010-4"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"FAPESP","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2012\/04769-4, 2013\/07405-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012\/04769-4, 2013\/07405-6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Caenorhabditis elegans is a valuable tool as an infection model toward the study of Candida species. In this work, we endeavored to develop a C. elegans-Candida parapsilosis infection model by using the fungi as a food source. Three species of the C. parapsilosis complex (C. parapsilosis (sensu stricto), Candida orthopsilosis and Candida metapsilosis) caused infection resulting in C. elegans killing. All three strains that comprised the complex significantly diminished the nematode lifespan, indicating the virulence of the pathogens against the host. The infection process included invasion of the intestine and vulva which resulted in organ protrusion and hyphae formation. Importantly, hyphae formation at the vulva opening was not previously reported in C. elegans-Candida infections. Fungal infected worms in the liquid assay were susceptible to fluconazole and caspofungin and could be found to mount an immune response mediated through increased expression of cnc-4, cnc-7, and fipr-22\/23. Overall, the C. elegans-C. parapsilosis infection model can be used to model C. parapsilosis host-pathogen interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9080401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,9]],"date-time":"2018-08-09T03:33:48Z","timestamp":1533785628000},"page":"401","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Pathogenesis of the Candida parapsilosis Complex in the Model Host Caenorhabditis elegans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8666-7436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Carolina Remondi","family":"Souza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Mycology Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo-UNIFESP, 04039-032 S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5233-1221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beth","family":"Burgwyn Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0625-6619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viviane","family":"De Souza Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microorganisms Cell Biology Laboratory, Microbiology Department, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elamparithi","family":"Jayamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arnaldo Lopes","family":"Colombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Mycology Laboratory, Division of Infectious Diseases, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo-UNIFESP, 04039-032 S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleftherios","family":"Mylonakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e206","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3182863a1c","article-title":"Candida parapsilosis is a significant neonatal pathogen: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Pammi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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