{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T14:47:59Z","timestamp":1784299679686,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]],"date-time":"2018-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004410","name":"European Molecular Biology Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6856"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6856"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Invasive fungal infections caused by Mucorales (mucormycosis) have increased worldwide. These life-threatening infections affect mainly, but not exclusively, immunocompromised patients, and are characterized by rapid progression, severe tissue damage and an unacceptably high rate of mortality. Still, little is known about this disease and its successful therapy. New tools to understand mucormycosis and a screening method for novel antimycotics are required. Bioluminescent imaging is a powerful tool for in vitro and in vivo approaches. Hence, the objective of this work was to generate and functionally analyze bioluminescent reporter strains of Mucor circinelloides, one mucormycosis-causing pathogen. Reporter strains were constructed by targeted integration of the firefly luciferase gene under control of the M. circinelloides promoter Pzrt1. The luciferase gene was sufficiently expressed, and light emission was detected under several conditions. Phenotypic characteristics, virulence potential and antifungal susceptibility were indifferent to the wild-type strains. Light intensity was dependent on growth conditions and biomass, being suitable to determine antifungal efficacy in vitro. This work describes for the first time the generation of reporter strains in a basal fungus that will allow real-time, non-invasive infection monitoring in insect and murine models, and the testing of antifungal efficacy by means other than survival.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9120613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,10]],"date-time":"2018-12-10T03:36:41Z","timestamp":1544413001000},"page":"613","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Generation of A Mucor circinelloides Reporter Strain\u2014A Promising New Tool to Study Antifungal Drug Efficacy and Mucormycosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2160-2903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrike","family":"Binder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Sch\u00f6pfstrasse 41, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3560-6155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Isabel","family":"Navarro-Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica y Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Verena","family":"Naschberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Sch\u00f6pfstrasse 41, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3316-7769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingo","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco E.","family":"Nicolas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica y Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes D.","family":"Pallua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, M\u00fcllerstra\u00dfe 44, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2946-7785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cornelia","family":"Lass-Fl\u00f6rl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Sch\u00f6pfstrasse 41, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7605-1726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoriano","family":"Garre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Gen\u00e9tica y Microbiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02972.x","article-title":"The ecology of the Zygomycetes and its impact on environmental exposure","volume":"15","author":"Richardson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. 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