{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T13:12:04Z","timestamp":1783343524605,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geosciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The endorheic Konya Basin is a vast aggradational plain in Central Anatolia, T\u00fcrkiye. It occupies a significant portion of Konya Province, covering approximately 50,000 km2. The basin is subjected to intense groundwater withdrawal and extensive agricultural activities with excessive irrigation. These activities have led to human-induced hazards, such as sinkholes and regional land subsidence. Although sinkhole occurrence mainly occurs in the Karap\u0131nar area, land subsidence is primarily observed in the central sector of Konya city, with 2 million inhabitants, as well as in various parts of the basin. This study focuses on determining the extent and rate of land subsidence throughout the basin, understanding sinkhole formation, and unraveling their relationship with anthropogenic activities. For this purpose, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) analysis of Sentinel-1 data from 2014 to 2022 was conducted to identify and assess land subsidence. We also used the land cover data and groundwater-level information to better understand the spatial and temporal patterns of land subsidence and sinkhole occurrence. Additionally, the land cover data were used to resolve spatial\u2013temporal variations in the cultivated area and urbanization, which are the main factors governing groundwater exploitation in the region. Our study identified widespread subsidence zones with rates as high as 90 mm\/y. Groundwater overexploitation to sustain extensive agricultural operations is the main cause of the high rate of land subsidence. Additionally, it was discovered that the number of sinkholes has substantially increased due to anthropogenic influences, currently amounting to as many as 660.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences14010005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T04:44:40Z","timestamp":1703220280000},"page":"5","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Land Subsidence and Sinkhole Occurrence in the Konya Endorheic Basin, Turkey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1362-8206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osman","family":"Orhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics, Engineering Faculty, Mersin University, 33343 Mersin, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmud","family":"Haghshenas Haghighi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Photogrammetry and GeoInformation, Leibniz University Hannover, Nienburger Str. 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6590-5658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vahdettin","family":"Demir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, KTO Karatay University, 42020 Konya, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ergin","family":"G\u00f6kkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Faculty of Sciences and Letters, Ni\u011fde \u00d6mer Halisdemir University, 51240 Ni\u011fde, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5407-940X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2254-3914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Djamil","family":"Al-Halbouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Earth System Science and Remote Sensing, Faculty of Physics and Earth System Sciences, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ford, D., and Williams, P. (2007). Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118684986"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Waele, J., and Guti\u00e9rrez, F. (2022). Karst Hydrogeology, Geomorphology and Caves, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119605379"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuzucuo\u011flu, C., \u00c7iner, A., and Kazanc\u0131, N. (2019). World Geomorphological Landscapes\u2014Karst Landscapes and Landforms in Turkey, Springer Nature. World Geomorphological Landscapes.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-03515-0"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u015eeng\u00f6r, A.M.C., G\u00f6r\u00fcr, N., and \u015earo\u011flu, F. (1985). Strike-Slip Faulting and Related Basin Formation in Zones of Tectonic Escape: Turkey as a Case Study, SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology.","DOI":"10.2110\/pec.85.37.0227"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1130\/L408.1","article-title":"Genetic Framework of Neogene-Quaternary Basin Closure Process in Central Turkey","volume":"7","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lithosphere"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1093\/gji\/ggx074","article-title":"Slip along the Sultanhan\u0131 Fault in Central Anatolia from Deformed Pleistocene Shorelines of Palaeo-Lake Konya and Implications for Seismic Hazards in Low-Strain Regions","volume":"209","author":"Melnick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"231","article-title":"Environmental Problems of Tuz Lake (Konya-Turkey)","volume":"4","author":"Dursun","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Int. Environ. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s10113-020-01656-z","article-title":"Impact of Climate Variability on the Surface of Lake Tuz (Turkey), 1985\u20132016","volume":"20","author":"Aydin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reg. Environ. Chang."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"7","article-title":"Regional Features of Turkish Karst Morphology","volume":"1","author":"Nazik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Turk. J. Speleol. Karst Cave Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2021.03.024","article-title":"Late Quaternary Environmental Changes of Lake Urmia Basin (NW Iran) Inferred from Sedimentological and Magnetic Records","volume":"589","author":"Tudryn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13518","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91949-y","article-title":"Delayed Subsidence of the Dead Sea Shore Due to Hydro-Meteorological Changes","volume":"11","author":"Vey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Hansen, K. (2023, December 01). NASA Disappearing Lake Tuz, Available online: https:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\/images\/149211\/disappearing-lake-tuz."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1317","article-title":"Salt Crust Mineralogy and Geochemical Evolution of the Salt Lake (Tuz G\u00f6l\u00fc), Turkey","volume":"5","author":"Kilic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Res. Essays"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-022-05327-6","article-title":"Trend Analysis of Lakes and Sinkholes in the Konya Closed Basin, in Turkey","volume":"112","author":"Demir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-020-05841-6","article-title":"An Application on Sinkhole Susceptibility Mapping by Integrating Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems","volume":"13","author":"Orhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2017.02.006","article-title":"Sinkholes, Subsidence and Subrosion on the Eastern Shore of the Dead Sea as Revealed by a Close-Range Photogrammetric Survey","volume":"285","author":"Holohan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jglr.2021.03.012","article-title":"Lake Urmia Restoration Success Story: A Natural Trend or a Planned Remedy?","volume":"47","author":"Nikraftar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Great Lakes Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1306\/eg.05130404009","article-title":"Environmental and Economic Risks from Sinkholes in West-Central Florida","volume":"12","author":"Scheidt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.4311\/2011JCKS0211","article-title":"Sinkhole Evolution in the Apulian Karst of Southern Italy: A Case Study, with Some Considerations on Sinkhole Hazards","volume":"74","author":"Festa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cave Karst Stud."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, H., Balz, T., Li, J., and Mishra, V. (2023). Preliminary Investigation of Sudden Ground Subsidence and Building Tilt in Balitai Town, Tianjin City, on 31 May 2023. Remote Sens., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15194891"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.-W., Lu, Z., and Degrandpre, K. (2016). Ongoing Deformation of Sinkholes in Wink, Texas, Observed by Time-Series Sentinel-1A SAR Interferometry (Preliminary Results). Remote Sens., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs8040313"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1007\/s00254-007-0897-1","article-title":"Sinkhole Hazard Assessment in Minnesota Using a Decision Tree Model","volume":"54","author":"Gao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Geol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodbar, A., Powers, D., Goodbar, J., and Holt, R. (2020, January 20\u201324). Karst and Sinkholes at Nash Draw, Southeastern New Mexico (USA). Proceedings of the 16th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Impacts of Karst, San Juan, Puerto Rico.","DOI":"10.5038\/9781733375313.1026"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-7952(01)00118-1","article-title":"Geohazard Map of Cover-Collapse Sinkholes in the \u201cTournaisis\u201d Area, Southern Belgium","volume":"65","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Margiotta, S., Marini, G., Fay, S., D\u2019Onghia, F.M., Liso, I.S., Parise, M., and Pinna, M. (2021). Hydro-Stratigraphic Conditions and Human Activity Leading to Development of a Sinkhole Cluster in a Mediterranean Water Ecosystem. Hydrology, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/hydrology8030111"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2011.10.023","article-title":"Anthropogenic Sinkholes in the Territory of the City of Naples (Southern Italy)","volume":"49","author":"Guarino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2008.12.018","article-title":"Sinkholes in the Salt-Bearing Evaporite Karst of the Ebro River Valley Upstream of Zaragoza City (NE Spain). Geomorphological Mapping and Analysis as a Basis for Risk Management","volume":"108","author":"Galve","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nof, R.N., Abelson, M., Raz, E., Magen, Y., Atzori, S., Salvi, S., and Baer, G. (2019). SAR Interferometry for Sinkhole Early Warning and Susceptibility Assessment along the Dead Sea, Israel. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11010089"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Halbouni, D., AlRabayah, O., Nakath, D., and R\u00fcpke, L. (2022). A Vision on a UNESCO Global Geopark at the Southeastern Dead Sea in Jordan\u2014How Natural Hazards May Offer Geotourism Opportunities. Land, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/land11040553"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2015.01.005","article-title":"Sinkhole Susceptibility Mapping Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Magnitude\u2013Frequency Relationships: A Case Study in Hamadan Province, Iran","volume":"234","author":"Taheri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2022.108451","article-title":"Poljes in the Sivas Gypsum Karst, Turkey","volume":"417","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-015-0778-x","article-title":"Sinkhole Susceptibility Mapping Using Logistic Regression in Karap\u0131nar (Konya, Turkey)","volume":"75","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orhan, O., Oliver-Cabrera, T., Wdowinski, S., Yalvac, S., and Yakar, M. (2021). Land Subsidence and Its Relations with Sinkhole Activity in Karap\u0131nar Region, Turkey: A Multi-Sensor InSAR Time Series Study. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21030774"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez, F. (2016). Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0341-8162(02)00006-1","article-title":"Environmental and Climatic Changes during the Last 20,000 Years at Lake Tuz, Central Turkey","volume":"48","author":"Kashima","year":"2002","journal-title":"CATENA"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/0033-5894(83)90002-9","article-title":"Age, Palaeoenvironments, and Climatic Significance of Late Pleistocene Konya Lake, Turkey","volume":"19","author":"Roberts","year":"1983","journal-title":"Quat. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-555X(98)00008-7","article-title":"The Dune Systems of the Konya Plain (Turkey): Their Relation to Environmental Changes in Central Anatolia during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene","volume":"23","author":"Kuzucuoglu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-022-09564-8","article-title":"Risk Analysis of Natural Sinkholes Hazards in Karap\u0131nar Basin (Konya, Turkey)","volume":"15","author":"Dursun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2015.04.034","article-title":"Investigation of Sinkholes Spatial Distribution Using the Weights of Evidence Method and GIS in the Vicinity of Karapinar (Konya, Turkey)","volume":"245","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s13146-011-0044-7","article-title":"Geologic and Hydrogeologic Factors Affecting Sinkhole (Obruk) Development in Central Turkey","volume":"26","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbonates Evaporites"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseaes.2010.09.014","article-title":"Natural and Induced Sinkholes of the Obruk Plateau and Karapidotlessnar-Hotami\u015f Plain, Turkey","volume":"40","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Asian Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"125","article-title":"Large Collapse Sinkholes, Old and New, in the Obruk Plateau, Turkey","volume":"42","author":"Waltham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cave Karst Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.5194\/se-10-1451-2019","article-title":"Sinkholes and Uvalas in Evaporite Karst: Spatio-Temporal Development with Links to Base-Level Fall on the Eastern Shore of the Dead Sea","volume":"10","author":"Watson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2023.108732","article-title":"Morphometry and Evolution of Sinkholes on the Western Shore of the Dead Sea. Implications for Susceptibility Assessment","volume":"434","author":"Sevil","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.5194\/se-13-1673-2022","article-title":"Geophysical Analysis of an Area Affected by Subsurface Dissolution\u2014Case Study of an Inland Salt Marsh in Northern Thuringia, Germany","volume":"13","author":"Wadas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-011-1264-9","article-title":"Environmental Problems at the Nev\u015fehir (Kozakli) Geothermal Field, Central Turkey","volume":"66","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s13146-011-0074-1","article-title":"The Guatemala City Sinkhole Collapses","volume":"27","author":"Hermosilla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbonates Evaporites"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11439","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29541-0","article-title":"Fate and Transport of Radioactive Gypsum Stack Water Entering the Floridan Aquifer Due to a Sinkhole Collapse","volume":"8","author":"Sandhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00fcnay, G., T\u00f6rk, K., G\u00fcner, \u0130.N., and Gilli, E. (2022). Caves and Karst of Turkey\u2014Volume 2: Geology, Hydrogeology and Karst, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-95361-4"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-008-0351-9","article-title":"Obruks, as Giant Collapse Dolines Caused by Hypogenic Karstification in Central Anatolia, Turkey: Analysis of Likely Formation Processes","volume":"17","author":"Bayari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-021-08962-x","article-title":"Monitoring of Land Subsidence Due to Excessive Groundwater Extraction Using Small Baseline Subset Technique in Konya, Turkey","volume":"193","author":"Orhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"265","article-title":"Precipitation, Temperature and Vegetation Relations in the Conditions of Konya","volume":"22","author":"Kaya","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sel\u00e7uk Univ. Soc. Sci. Inst."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"295","article-title":"Meteorological Drought Analysis in Konya Closed Basin","volume":"42","author":"Gedik","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geogr."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"54","article-title":"Height Modeling with Artificial Neural Networks (Samsun-Mert River Basin)","volume":"6","author":"Demir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gazi J. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-020-03347-5","article-title":"Water Level Change of Lakes and Sinkholes in Central Turkey under Anthropogenic Effects","volume":"142","author":"Demir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1144\/GSL.SP.1999.156.01.22","article-title":"Tethyan Sutures of Northern Turkey","volume":"156","author":"Okay","year":"1999","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Ulu, \u00dc. (2009). Geological Maps of Turkey Karaman-M30 Sheet, General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, (In Turkish)."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Ulu, \u00dc. (2009). Geological Maps of Turkey Karaman-M31 Sheet, General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, (In Turkish)."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"T\u00f6rk, K., Erduran, B., Y\u0131lmaz, N.P., S\u00fcl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc, S., G\u00fcner, \u0130.N., Ate\u015f, \u015e., Mutlu, G., Kele\u015f, S., \u00c7\u0131nar, A., and Demirba\u015f, \u015e. (2013). Identification and Hazard Assessment of Karst Depression Areas in the Konya Basin."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Canik, B., and Ar\u0131g\u00fcn, Z. (,  2001). Formation of Sinkholes around Karap\u0131nar-K\u0131z\u00f6ren (Konya) and the Effect of Karap\u0131nar Volcanism on This Event. Proceedings of the Karap\u0131nar Syposium, Karap\u0131nar, Turkey."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Erol, O. (1979). Main Lines of Fourth Age (Quaternary) Geology and Geomorphology, Faculty of Languages, History and Geography Publications."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Erol, O. (1985, January 7\u201319). The Relationships between the Phases of the Development of the Konya-Karapinar Obruks and the Pleistocene Tuz Golu and Konya Pluvial Lakes. Proceedings of the Karst Water Resources Proceedings of the Ankara-Antalya Symposium, Ankara, Turkey."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-3791(98)00099-7","article-title":"Facies and Depositional Sequences of the Late Pleistocene G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc Shoreline System, Konya Basin, Central Anatolia: Implications for Reconstructing Lake-Level Changes","volume":"18","author":"Fontugne","year":"1999","journal-title":"Quat. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2014.05.023","article-title":"Relative Tectonic Activity Assessment of the Tuz G\u00f6l\u00fc Fault Zone; Central Anatolia, Turkey","volume":"630","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_65.1","unstructured":"Esat, K., Seyito\u011flu, G., Kaypak, B., Koca-\u00c7\u0131vg\u0131n, B., and \u00d6zdemirli, E.T. (2020). What Do We Learn from the Recent Seismic Events about the Nature of Tuzg\u00f6l\u00fc Fault Zone? Seismotectonics of the Tuzg\u00f6l\u00fc Fault Zone under the Light of 2005-2007 Bala (M = 5.3"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_65.2","unstructured":"5.4), 2020.07.12 (M = 3.5) \u015eerefliko\u00e7hisar and 2020.09.20 (M = 5.3) Obruk Earthquakes, Researchgate. Researchgate Technical Report."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3166\/ga.18.167-208","article-title":"The Denizli Graben-Horst System and the Eastern Limit of Western Anatolian Continental Extension: Basin Fill, Structure, Deformational Mode, Throw Amount and Episodic Evolutionary History, SW Turkey","volume":"18","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geodin. Acta"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1080\/00206814.2019.1581996","article-title":"Extensional Neotectonic Regime in West-Southwest Konya, Central Anatolia, Turkey","volume":"61","author":"Aksoy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Geol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Emre, \u00d6., Duman, T.Y., and \u00d6zalp, S. (2011). 1:250,000 Scale Active Fault Map Series of Turkey, Karaman (NJ 36-11), Quadrangle."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Tosun, Y., \u00c7oruk, F., Arslan, \u015e., Akkaya, Y., G\u00f6kkaya, E., and G\u00f6kkaya, E. (2023). Sinkhole Technical Guide, Paradigm Academy Publications."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Akba\u015f, B., Akdeniz, N., Aksay, A., Altun, \u0130.E., Balc\u0131, V., Bilginer, E., Bilgi\u00e7, T., Duru, M., Ercan, T., and Gedik, \u0130. (2011). 1:1.250.000 Scaled Geological Map of Turkey."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-015-4298-6","article-title":"Turkish Karst Aquifers","volume":"74","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Zanaga, D., Van De Kerchove, R., Daems, D., De Keersmaecker, W., Brockmann, C., Kirches, G., Wevers, J., Cartus, O., Santoro, M., and Fritz, S. (2021). ESA WorldCover 10 m 2021 V200, Zenodo."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"99","article-title":"The Effects of the Old Konya Lake on the First Settlements","volume":"6","author":"Tapur","year":"2009","journal-title":"Black Sea Stud."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazeck\u00fd, M., Spaans, K., Gonz\u00e1lez, P.J., Maghsoudi, Y., Morishita, Y., Albino, F., Elliott, J., Greenall, N., Hatton, E., and Hooper, A. (2020). LiCSAR: An Automatic InSAR Tool for Measuring and Monitoring Tectonic and Volcanic Activity. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12152430"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morishita, Y., Lazecky, M., Wright, T., Weiss, J., Elliott, J., and Hooper, A. (2020). LiCSBAS: An Open-Source InSAR Time Series Analysis Package Integrated with the LiCSAR Automated Sentinel-1 InSAR Processor. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12030424"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9202","DOI":"10.1029\/2017JB015305","article-title":"Generic Atmospheric Correction Model for Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Observations","volume":"123","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.3906\/yer-2104-22","article-title":"Long-Term Spatiotemporal Evolution of Land Subsidence in Konya Metropolitan Area (Turkey) Based on Multisensor SAR Data","volume":"30","author":"Aslan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk. J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2022.08.003","article-title":"The Influence of Groundwater Levels on Land Subsidence in Karaman (Turkey) Using the PS-InSAR Technique","volume":"70","author":"Gezgin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sp. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cal\u00f3, F., Notti, D., Galve, J.P., Abdikan, S., G\u00f6r\u00fcm, T., Pepe, A., and \u015eanli, F.B. (2017). DInSAR-Based Detection of Land Subsidence and Correlation with Groundwater Depletion in Konya Plain, Turkey. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9010083"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1130\/G34972.1","article-title":"Bayou Corne, Louisiana, Sinkhole: Precursory Deformation Measured by Radar Interferometry","volume":"42","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"(2023, December 07). John Upton Massive Louisiana Sinkhole Just Keeps on Growing. Available online: https:\/\/grist.org\/climate-energy\/massive-louisiana-sinkhole-caused-by-oil-industry-just-keeps-on-growing\/."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7704","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87033-0","article-title":"A Decade-Long Silent Ground Subsidence Hazard Culminating in a Metropolitan Disaster in Macei\u00f3, Brazil","volume":"11","author":"Vassileva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2012.05598.x","article-title":"Evidence for Remotely Triggered Microearthquakes during Salt Cavern Collapse","volume":"191","author":"Jousset","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1130\/REG6-p67","article-title":"Ground Failure Induced by Ground-Water Withdrawal from Unconsolidated Sediment","volume":"6","author":"Holzer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Rev. Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04193-9","article-title":"Tracking Hidden Crisis in India\u2019s Capital from Space: Implications of Unsustainable Groundwater Use","volume":"12","author":"Garg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Ar\u0131k, F., and D\u00fclger, A. (2023). Sinkhole Basic Guide, Paradigm Academy Publications."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"841","article-title":"Land Subsidence and Earth Fissures Caused by Groundwater Depletion in Southern Arizona, U.S.A","volume":"Volume 151","author":"Johnson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd Internation Symposium on Land Subsidence"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"121","article-title":"Sinkholes, West-Central Florida","volume":"1182","author":"Tihansky","year":"1999","journal-title":"US Geol. Surv. Circ."}],"container-title":["Geosciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3263\/14\/1\/5\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:40:21Z","timestamp":1760132421000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3263\/14\/1\/5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["geosciences14010005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/geosciences14010005","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3263"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3263","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]}}}