{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T04:31:47Z","timestamp":1780374707698,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]],"date-time":"2019-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1550016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["292985"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["292985"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geosciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The poor access to data on the marine environment is a handicap to government decision-making, a barrier to scientific understanding and an obstacle to economic growth. In this light, the European Commission initiated the European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet) in 2009 to assemble and disseminate hitherto dispersed marine data. In the ten years since then, EMODnet has become a key producer of publicly available, harmonised datasets covering broad areas. This paper describes the methodologies applied in EMODnet Geology project to produce fully populated GIS layers of seabed substrate distribution for the European marine areas. We describe steps involved in translating national seabed substrate data, conforming to various standards, into a uniform EMODnet substrate classification scheme (i.e., the Folk sediment classification). Rock and boulders form an additional substrate class. Seabed substrate data products at scales of 1:250,000 and 1:1 million, compiled using descriptions and analyses of seabed samples as well as interpreted acoustic images, cover about 20% and 65% of the European maritime areas, respectively. A simple confidence assessment, based on sample and acoustic coverage, is helpful in identifying data gaps. The harmonised seabed substrate maps are particularly useful in supraregional, transnational and pan-European marine spatial planning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences9020084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,14]],"date-time":"2019-02-14T03:21:46Z","timestamp":1550114506000},"page":"84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Picking Up the Pieces\u2014Harmonising and Collating Seabed Substrate Data for European Maritime Areas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Anu","family":"Kaskela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Survey of Finland GTK, 02151 Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aarno","family":"Kotilainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Survey of Finland GTK, 02151 Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulla","family":"Alanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Survey of Finland GTK, 02151 Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhys","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Geological Survey, Edinburgh, Currie EH14 4BA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Geological Survey, Edinburgh, Currie EH14 4BA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janine","family":"Guinan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Survey Ireland, DO4 K7X4 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sytze","family":"van Heteren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Survey of the Netherlands, PO Box 80015, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanna","family":"Kihlman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geological Survey of Finland GTK, 02151 Espoo, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8088-9713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vera","family":"Van Lancker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Geological Survey, Edinburgh, Currie EH14 4BA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the EMODnet Geology Partners","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1149345","article-title":"A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems","volume":"319","author":"Halpern","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7615","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8615","article-title":"Spatial and temporal changes in cumulative human impacts on the world\u2019s ocean","volume":"6","author":"Halpern","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. 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