{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T21:55:14Z","timestamp":1766181314947,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]],"date-time":"2019-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004561","name":"Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AR05134437"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR05134437"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004561","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geosciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alakol Lake is one of the largest hydrologically closed lake located in Balkash-Alakol River Basin in southeast Kazakhstan. Having a coastline approximately at 490 km, Alakol Lake has faced multiple threats due to both natural and anthropogenic factors as a result of tectonic movements, geology, wind-wave conditions, growing tourism activities, fishing, and transport, etc. The present study aims to investigate the historical trends in coastline changes along Alakol Lake in Kazakhstan and estimate its change rate by using remote sensing data in particular scale-space images Landsat-5 TM, 7 ETM+, 8 OLI, and Sentinel-2A. Based on Landsat and Sentinel data, the modified normalized difference water index was calculated to demonstrate the coastline changes along Alakol Lake between 1990 and 2018. Moreover, the monitoring and analysis of coastline dynamics is based on the main morphometric characteristics of Alakol Lake including water surface area, coastline length, geomorphology of the coast, etc. Our results reveal that there is a continuous coastline retreat, depending on the coast types. For example, in the case of the denudation coasts, a land inundation was from 120 to 270 m between 1990 and 2018. In the case of the accumulative coast (mainly northeast, north, and northwest coasts) a land inundation was from 200 to 900 m. A vast area of agricultural land around Alakol Lake become flooded and lost. This study demonstrates the importance of monitoring coastline dynamics because it provides essential information for understanding the coastal response to contemporary nature and anthropogenic impacts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences9090404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]],"date-time":"2019-09-19T10:55:21Z","timestamp":1568890521000},"page":"404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Monitoring Coastline Dynamics of Alakol Lake in Kazakhstan Using Remote Sensing Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Adilet","family":"Valeyev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazakhstan Research Institute of Geography, Satbayev University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marat","family":"Karatayev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Systems Sciences, Innovation and Sustainability Research, University of Graz, Merangasse 18-1, A-8010 Graz, Austria"},{"name":"Water-Energy-Food Nexus Partnership Program, ETH Zurich-Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ainagul","family":"Abitbayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazakhstan Research Institute of Geography, Satbayev University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saule","family":"Uxukbayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazakhstan Research Institute of Geography, Satbayev University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aruzhan","family":"Bektursynova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazakhstan Research Institute of Geography, Satbayev University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhanerke","family":"Sharapkhanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazakhstan Research Institute of Geography, Satbayev University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2013.05.008","article-title":"Dynamical downscaling of climate change in Central Asia","volume":"110","author":"Mannig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. 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