{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:46:32Z","timestamp":1760240792223,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,20]],"date-time":"2019-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geosciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The article discusses the issue of hydrostatic leveling. Its application is presented in structural health monitoring systems in order to determine vertical displacements of controlled points. Moreover, the article includes a complete computation scheme that utilizes the estimation from observation differences, allowing the elimination of the influence of individual sensors\u2019 systematic errors. The authors suggest two concepts of processing the measurement results depending on the sensors\u2019 connection method. Additionally, the second concept is extended by the elements allowing the prediction of the displacements by means of Kalman filtering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences9100406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,20]],"date-time":"2019-09-20T10:48:14Z","timestamp":1568976494000},"page":"406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Concept of Geodetic Analyses of the Measurement Results Obtained by Hydrostatic Leveling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Waldemar","family":"Kami\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6201-7743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Makowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Becker, J.M. 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Teach."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"64","article-title":"The application of Kalman filtering to predict vertical rail axis displacements of the overhead crane being a component of seaport transport structure","volume":"2","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pol. Marit. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/14498596.2017.1330711","article-title":"Dynamic modelling of displacements on an embankment dam using the Kalman filter","volume":"63","author":"Gamse","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Spat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-38596-7_37","article-title":"GNSS\/LPS Based Online Control and Alarm System (GOCA) \u2013 Mathematical Models and Technical Realization of a System for Natural and Geotechnical Deformation Monitoring and Hazard Prevention","volume":"Volume 131","author":"Sanso","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geodetic Deformation Monitoring: From Geophysical to Engineering Roles, Proceedings of IAG SYMPOSIA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00190-006-0041-0","article-title":"An optimal adaptive kalman filter","volume":"80","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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