{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:42:40Z","timestamp":1760146960113,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]],"date-time":"2024-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vicerrector\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n y Postgrado, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco","award":["VIPUCT-2022PF-LC-01","2023FIAS-LC-05-VIPUCT-2023FIAS-NG-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VIPUCT-2022PF-LC-01","2023FIAS-LC-05-VIPUCT-2023FIAS-NG-04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geriatrics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction. Frailty is a common condition among older individuals and is associated with increased vulnerability to adverse health outcomes. The COVID-19 pandemic further highlighted the impact of viral infections on frail populations. The present work aimed to determine frailty, functional and cognitive status, and clinical analysis of older persons in a long-term care facility in Chile, before and following the outbreak of COVID-19. Methods. A single-center, pre\u2013post, and Pearson\u2019s correlational study was conducted in a cohort of 20 persons positive for COVID-19 from a total of 45 residents. Data on demographic, clinical, functional (Barthel Index (BI) and Katz) and cognitive (Mini mental Examination) status, and physiological function (hematology, lipidic and biochemical profiles) were collected. Results. The mean age was 84 \u00b1 2.4 years, and 80% were females. The most common comorbidities were Arterial Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus type II, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Physical frailty was confirmed by body weight, body mass index, and calf circumference. Pre-infection, BI was negatively correlated with lipidic profile and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and positively with frailty (calf circumference). Pre\u2013post analysis showed that frailty and most analytical results were not modified. However, functional dependence on daily live activities significantly increased as measured by BI, with worse grooming and bowel and bladder controls. Post-infection, correlations were lost except between BI and ESR, and decreased albumin levels were found. Conclusions. The worsening of specific functional limitations emphasizes the need for targeted interventions that can be correlated with ESR. Albumin appears as a potential biomarker for physiological dysfunction associated with their infectious\/inflammatory processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics10010001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]],"date-time":"2024-12-25T19:19:32Z","timestamp":1735154372000},"page":"1","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impairment of the Functional Status and Decrease in Albumin in Frail Older People After a COVID-19 Outbreak: A Descriptive Study in a Long-Term Care Facility in Chile"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1057-9840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia","family":"Castillo-Mariqueo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carrera de Kinesiolog\u00eda, Departamento de Procesos Terap\u00e9uticos, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro Aedo","family":"Lagos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Establecimiento de Larga Estad\u00eda para el Adulto Mayor (ELEAM) Santa Isabel de Traigu\u00e9n, Traigu\u00e9n 4730000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4091-489X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lydia","family":"Gim\u00e9nez-Llort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Neuroci\u00e8ncies, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4872-9821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neftal\u00ed Guzm\u00e1n","family":"Oyarzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud de Precisi\u00f3n, Departamento de Procesos Diagn\u00f3sticos y Evaluaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M146","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/56.3.M146","article-title":"Frailty in Older Adults: Evidence for a Phenotype","volume":"56A","author":"Fried","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33330-0_1","article-title":"Frailty: What Is It?","volume":"1216","author":"Proietti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"127","article-title":"Frailty in elderly: A brief review","volume":"15","author":"Simo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geriatr. Psychol. Neuropsychiatr. Vieil."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1159\/000528561","article-title":"Frailty: Pathophysiology, Theoretical and Operational Definition(s), Impact, Prevalence, Management and Prevention, in an Increasingly Economically Developed and Ageing World","volume":"69","author":"Doody","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s13670-018-0254-0","article-title":"Distinguishing Comorbidity, Disability, and Frailty","volume":"7","author":"Espinoza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Geriatr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/144135","article-title":"Impacts of COVID-19 lockdowns on frailty and wellbeing in older people and those living with long-term conditions","volume":"30","author":"Holland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/23337214221079956","article-title":"Frailty in Elderly Patients with Covid-19: A Narrative Review","volume":"8","author":"Salini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gerontol. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussien, H., Nastasa, A., Apetrii, M., Nistor, I., Petrovic, M., and Covic, A. (2021). Different aspects of frailty and COVID-19: Points to consider in the current pandemic and future ones. BMC Geriatr., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02316-5"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2020.06.008","article-title":"Frailty and Mortality in Hospitalized Older Adults With COVID-19: Retrospective Observational Study","volume":"21","author":"Mellaerts","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"4","article-title":"A Two-Step Approach for Transforming Continuous Variables to Normal: Implications and Recommendations for IS Research","volume":"28","author":"Templeton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maltese, G., Corsonello, A., Di Rosa, M., Soraci, L., Vitale, C., Corica, F., and Lattanzio, F. (2020). Frailty and COVID-19: A Systematic Scoping Review. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9072106"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32343","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000032343","article-title":"Predictors of COVID-19 outcomes: Interplay of frailty, comorbidity, and age in COVID-19 prognosis","volume":"101","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e444","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30146-8","article-title":"The effect of frailty on survival in patients with COVID-19 (COPE): A multicentre, European, observational cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Hewitt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-022-02308-4","article-title":"Frailty and long-COVID: Is COVID-19 responsible for a transition in frailty status among older adults who survived hospitalization for COVID-19?","volume":"35","author":"Ferrara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"afac289","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afac289","article-title":"Frailty and the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on community-living middle-aged and older adults: An analysis of data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA)","volume":"51","author":"Griffith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.17269\/s41997-023-00777-2","article-title":"A population-based assessment of avoidable hospitalizations and resource use of non-vaccinated patients with COVID-19","volume":"114","author":"Bagshaw","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104487","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccination and frailty in older adults","volume":"96","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"o1313","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.o1313","article-title":"Frail older people and those in deprived areas remain at risk from covid-19, even after vaccination","volume":"378","author":"Saul","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kountouras, J., Tzitiridou-Chatzopoulou, M., Papaefthymiou, A., Chatzopoulos, D., and Doulberis, M. (2023). COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Effectiveness against Elderly Frail People. Medicina, 59.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59020202"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-021-1591-9","article-title":"COVID19 Vaccination in Frail People. Lots of Hope and Some Questions","volume":"25","author":"Rolland","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101513","article-title":"Biomarkers of ageing and frailty may predict COVID-19 severity","volume":"73","author":"Wanhella","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.53886\/gga.e0220038","article-title":"Association of inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers with mortality in patients aged 60 years or older and hospitalized with COVID-19","volume":"16","author":"Vieira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu, W., Lynskey, N., Iain-Ross, J., Pell, J.P., Sattar, N., Ho, F.K., Welsh, P., Celis-Morales, C., and Petermann-Rocha, F. (2023). Identifying the Biomarker Profile of Pre-Frail and Frail People: A Cross-Sectional Analysis from UK Biobank. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032421"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S237505","article-title":"Higher Normal Levels of Triglyceride and Low and High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Might Have a Protective Effect Against Activities of Daily Living Disability Within Chinese Female Centenarians: A Cross-Sectional, Complete Sample Study","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2010.00681.x","article-title":"Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, their relationship with baseline functional and cognitive status, and their utility in predicting mortality in nonagenarians","volume":"11","author":"Formiga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1159\/000528459","article-title":"The Prevalence and Factors That Impact Frailty in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients Hospitalized in a Tertiary Hospital in China","volume":"41","author":"You","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2016.08.006","article-title":"Inflammation and frailty in the elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Soysal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hammami, S., Ghzaiel, I., Hammouda, S., Sakly, N., Hammami, M., and Zarrouk, A. (2020). Evaluation of pro-inflammatory cytokines in frail Tunisian older adults. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242152"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2010.08.009","article-title":"The Frailty Syndrome: Definition and Natural History","volume":"27","author":"Xue","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."}],"container-title":["Geriatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3417\/10\/1\/1\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:59:45Z","timestamp":1760115585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3417\/10\/1\/1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["geriatrics10010001"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/geriatrics10010001","relation":{},"ISSN":["2308-3417"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2308-3417"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,25]]}}}