{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:13:34Z","timestamp":1760058814507,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pedersen and Jensine Heiberg\u2019s Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geriatrics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This study aimed to explore the validity of various generic bedside screening tools, and combinations of these, for capturing dysphagia as compared to aspiration\/penetration found through the Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, participants diagnosed with chronic pulmonary disease (n = 25), Parkinson\u2019s disease (n = 26), multiple sclerosis (n = 24), or stroke (n = 25) participated. Patient-reported outcomes and clinical-rated assessments included: the four-question test (4QT), the Minimal Eating Observation Form\u2014II, the Volume\u2013Viscosity Swallow Test (V-VST), the Penetration\u2013Aspiration Scale, and the FEES. Activities in daily living were assessed with the Barthel Index. The sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value (NPV), positive predictive value, and accuracy were calculated. Results: The 100 participants\u2019 median age was 72 years, and 42 were women. In total, 78 patients had eating difficulties (MEOF-II). According to the 4QT, 69 patients had dysphagia while 62 had it according to the V-VST. Furthermore, 29 patients had penetration\/aspiration according to the FEES. All generic bedside tools performed better when combined with another tool, when compared to the identification of penetration\/aspiration according to the FEES. The combination of the MEOF-II and 4QT as well as the combination of the MEOF-II and V-VST proved to have very high sensitivity (96.1\u201396.3%) and NPVs (92.3% in both instances). Combining the three tools, the MEOF-II, 4QT, and V-VST, did not improve the sensitivity or NPV. Conclusions: A combination of the MEOF-II and 4QT or the MEOF-II and V-VST bedside tools is recommended for identifying patients at risk of penetration\/aspiration and in need of further in-depth clinical assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics10030063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T08:28:11Z","timestamp":1746174491000},"page":"63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["What Combination of Generic Bedside Screening Tools Is Optimal to Capture Patients with Penetration\/Aspiration Due to Dysphagia? Comparing Single Bedside Tools Versus Combinations of Tools for Sensitivity and Specificity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4820-6203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Westergren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The PRO-CARE Group and the Research Platform for Collaboration for Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Kristianstad University, 291 88 Kristianstad, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6863-3099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Smithard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elderly Care, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Lewisham and Greenwich NHS Trust, London SE18 4QH, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Exercise Activity and Rehabilitation (CEAR), School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich, London SE9 2TB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Riis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatric Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Emborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Team, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne Lund","family":"Krarup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"EMRUn, Department of Acute Medicine and Trauma Care, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5656-402X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorte","family":"Melgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"EMRUn, Department of Acute Medicine and Trauma Care, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westergren, A., Smithard, D., Westergaard, M., Norup, A., Riis, J., Krarup, A., Hansen, L.E.M., Emborg, C., and Melgaard, D. 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