{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:39:57Z","timestamp":1760060397489,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016573","name":"Japan Association for Diabetes Education and Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021-FND-009","JPMJOP1831","23A 3002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-FND-009","JPMJOP1831","23A 3002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016573","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002241","name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021-FND-009","JPMJOP1831","23A 3002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-FND-009","JPMJOP1831","23A 3002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002241","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the JIHS Intramural Research Fund","award":["2021-FND-009","JPMJOP1831","23A 3002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-FND-009","JPMJOP1831","23A 3002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geriatrics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: In Japan, the number of older patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) is rapidly increasing; however, the impact of DM on higher-level functional capacity in this population is unclear. In this study, we aimed to clarify the characteristics of higher functional capacity in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: The participants included outpatients with T2DM receiving care at a general hospital and community-dwelling older adults without DM (both groups aged \u2265 65 years) in Japan. The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence (TMIG-IC) and the Japan Science and Technology Agency Index of Competence (JST-IC) were used to evaluate higher-level functional capacity. We compared the higher-level functional capacities of the two groups after propensity score matching to ensure homogeneity in background factors. Results: After propensity score matching, 131 individuals each from a group of older patients with T2DM and a group of community-dwelling older adults without DM were included (mean age: 76.6 \u00b1 5.6 and 76.1 \u00b1 5.4 years, respectively; male sex: 54.2% and 52.7%, respectively). The older patients with T2DM had higher average instrumental activities of daily living scores (4.8 vs. 4.6; p &lt; 0.01) and lower average intellectual activity scores (3.4 vs. 3.8; p &lt; 0.01) on the TMIG-IC, average JST-IC scores (10.3 vs. 11.6; p &lt; 0.01), and average social engagement scores (1.0 vs. 2.2; p &lt; 0.01) compared to the community-dwelling older adults without DM. Conclusions: Older outpatients with T2DM demonstrated poorer intellectual activity and social engagement than community-dwelling older adults without DM. Therefore, it may be necessary to focus on preventive interventions to support higher-level functional capacities in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics10050115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T10:35:17Z","timestamp":1756204517000},"page":"115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Comparison of Higher-Level Functional Capacity Between Older Adults with and Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Propensity Score Matching"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8471-526X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takuro","family":"Shoji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Kohnodai Hospital, Ichikawa 272-8516, Chiba, Japan"},{"name":"Doctoral Program in Public Health, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tuskuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenta","family":"Kogure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Kohnodai Hospital, Ichikawa 272-8516, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nagisa","family":"Toda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Kohnodai Hospital, Ichikawa 272-8516, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariko","family":"Hakoshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Kohnodai Hospital, Ichikawa 272-8516, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hisayuki","family":"Katsuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Kohnodai Hospital, Ichikawa 272-8516, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hidekatsu","family":"Yanai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Kohnodai Hospital, Ichikawa 272-8516, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Tokunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program in Public Health, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tuskuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Korin","family":"Tateoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program in Physical Education, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tuskuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8408-6619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taishi","family":"Tsuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Preventive Medical Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Chiba, Japan"},{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tuskuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Okura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tuskuba 305-8574, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2024, March 03). 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