{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T21:47:43Z","timestamp":1769723263769,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["AP19680098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP19680098"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geriatrics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lung cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors and is associated with a high mortality rate, especially in aged patients. Immunotherapy is an effective method for treating lung cancer, particularly when used in combination with other treatments like chemotherapy. One of the types of immunotherapy is the use of autologous immune cells that are pre-activated before injection back to a patient. The effectiveness of this type of immunotherapy is determined by the specificity of its action on cancer cells through the activation of immune cell, e.g., lymphocytes. However, this treatment is not extensively used in elder patients due to higher risk of complications. On the other hand, in those aged patients who suffer from late stage cancer, the immune-cell based immunotherapy may come as a last resort. In this study, we present a clinical case of a 63-year-old patient with advanced-stage lung cancer and CT-confirmed infiltration of the left main bronchus. Treatment of the patient with immunotherapy using autologous activated lymphocytes combined with tomotherapy resulted in prominent improvement and decreased size of the malignancy. This positive effect was accompanied by a decrease in the number of circulating tumor cells in the blood. The patient was treated in May-June 2024 and is still alive with good condition as of August 2025. We conclude that combined treatment is a reliable option for selected aged patients with advanced-stage lung cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics11010014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T10:08:57Z","timestamp":1769681337000},"page":"14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Activated Lymphocyte-Based Immunotherapy Plus Tomotherapy in an Older Patient with Stage III Lung Cancer: A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2047-1497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Ganina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC National Scientific Medical Center, 42 Abilay Khan Ave., Astana 010009, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madina","family":"Karimova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC National Scientific Medical Center, 42 Abilay Khan Ave., Astana 010009, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Idrissova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Oncological Tomotherapy Center \u201cYMIT\u201d, 42\/1 Abilay Khan Ave., Astana 010009, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aigul","family":"Brimova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Oncological Tomotherapy Center \u201cYMIT\u201d, 42\/1 Abilay Khan Ave., Astana 010009, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manarbek","family":"Askarov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC National Scientific Medical Center, 42 Abilay Khan Ave., Astana 010009, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Larissa","family":"Kozina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC National Scientific Medical Center, 42 Abilay Khan Ave., Astana 010009, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2022.07.015","article-title":"Sex disparities in lung cancer survival rates based on screening status","volume":"171","author":"Yuming","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"17","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2023","volume":"73","author":"Siegel","year":"2023","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00312-3","article-title":"Lung cancer","volume":"398","author":"Thai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"45","article-title":"Epidemiology of lung cancer","volume":"25","author":"Thandra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Contemp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1590\/s1806-37562016000000339","article-title":"Lung cancer: Changes in histology, gender, and age over the last 30 years in Brazil","volume":"43","author":"Tsukazan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bras. Pneumol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S187317","article-title":"Trends in the incidence, treatment, and survival of patients with lung cancer in the last four decades","volume":"11","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2019.01.034","article-title":"Current Diagnosis and Management of Small-Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"94","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raso, M.G., Bota-Rabassedas, N., and Wistuba, I.I. (2021). Pathology and Classification of SCLC. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13040820"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikoomanesh, K., Choi, J., and Arabian, S. (2018). Paraneoplastic syndrome as the presentation of limited stage small cell carcinoma. BMC Pulm. Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-018-0729-y"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Divan, H.A., Bittoni, M.A., Krishna, A., and Carbone, D.P. (2024). Real-world patient characteristics and treatment patterns in US patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. BMC Cancer, 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-024-12126-8"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"53","article-title":"Immunotherapy in lung cancer","volume":"3","author":"Massarelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Lung Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2013201554","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-201554","article-title":"The CARE guidelines: Consensus-based clinical case reporting guideline development","volume":"2013","author":"Gagnier","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpt.2022.12.002","article-title":"Role of T cells in cancer immunotherapy: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"1","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Pathog. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malyshkina, A., Br\u00fcggemann, A., Paschen, A., and Dittmer, U. (2023). Cytotoxic CD4+ T cells in chronic viral infections and cancer. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1271236"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006595","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-006595","article-title":"CD71+ erythroid cells suppress T-cell effector functions and predict immunotherapy outcomes in patients with virus-associated solid tumors","volume":"11","author":"Bozorgmehr","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2016.04.014","article-title":"PD-L1 Expression in Lung Cancer","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4301","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-21-543","article-title":"The detection value of PD-L1 expression in biopsy specimens and surgical resection specimens in non-small cell lung cancer: A meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20232104","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20232104","article-title":"Anti-PD-1 therapy triggers Tfh cell-dependent IL-4 release to boost CD8 T cell responses in tumor-draining lymph nodes","volume":"221","author":"Ruggiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-014-1864-3","article-title":"Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells in cancer immunotherapy: Report of the international registry on CIK cells (IRCC)","volume":"141","author":"Schmeel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Cao, J.X., Pan, J.H., Liu, Y.S., Xu, B.L., Li, D., Zhang, X.Y., Li, J.L., Liu, J.L., and Wang, H.B. (2014). Adoptive immunotherapy of cytokine-induced killer cell therapy in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112662"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sainatham, C., Yadav, D., Dilli Babu, A., Tallapalli, J.R., Kanagala, S.G., Filippov, E., Murillo Chavez, F., Ahmed, N., and Lutfi, F. (2024). The current socioeconomic and regulatory landscape of immune effector cell therapies. Front. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1462307"}],"container-title":["Geriatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3417\/11\/1\/14\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T10:34:06Z","timestamp":1769682846000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3417\/11\/1\/14"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["geriatrics11010014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/geriatrics11010014","relation":{},"ISSN":["2308-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2308-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]}}}