{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:03:01Z","timestamp":1789534981563,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geriatrics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Life satisfaction is a key component of subjective well-being in later life and may be associated with psychological, economic, family, functional, and food-related factors. Objective: This study aimed to identify factors associated with life satisfaction among older adults, considering sociodemographic characteristics, food insecurity, physical activity, and psychological factors. Methods: A quantitative, observational, analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted with 200 noninstitutionalized older adults from Sogamoso, Colombia. Self-report instruments assessed life satisfaction, food insecurity, physical activity, depression, anxiety, and perceived stress. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, group comparison tests, Pearson correlations, and multiple linear regression. Results: Higher perceived stress (B = \u22120.762, p &lt; 0.001), perceived insufficient income (B = \u22123.380, p &lt; 0.001), self-employment (B = \u22122.153, p = 0.009), other sources of income (B = \u22122.569, p = 0.017), and technical education (B = \u22124.744, p = 0.003) were associated with lower life satisfaction. Conversely, combined engagement in strength and flexibility exercises (B = 3.203, p &lt; 0.001), having two children (B = 3.498, p = 0.002), and having three or more children (B = 2.618, p = 0.008) were associated with higher life satisfaction. Primary education was not significantly associated with life satisfaction after adjustment (p = 0.093). Food insecurity was associated with life satisfaction in the bivariate analysis but did not remain statistically significant in the adjusted model. The regression model explained 48.7% of the variance in life satisfaction (R2 = 0.487; adjusted R2 = 0.457). Conclusions: Life satisfaction among older adults was associated with psychological, economic, family, and functional factors. The findings highlight the relevance of perceived stress, economic security, functional physical activity, and family resources when addressing subjective well-being in later life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics11050131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T14:15:04Z","timestamp":1789395304000},"page":"131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Food Insecurity, Physical Activity, and Psychological Factors as Predictors of Life Satisfaction in Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"M\u00f3nica Lorena","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Trujillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Graduate Unit, Graduate School, Universidad Peruana Uni\u00f3n, Lima 15464, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1208-9121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilter C.","family":"Morales-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Theology, Universidad Peruana Uni\u00f3n, Lima 15464, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6413-1072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mardel","family":"Morales-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Sub-Directorate, Graduate School, Universidad Peruana Uni\u00f3n, Lima 15464, Peru"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.125.2.276","article-title":"Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress","volume":"125","author":"Diener","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00352944","article-title":"Avowed happiness as an overall assessment of the quality of life","volume":"5","author":"Shin","year":"1978","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-008-9110-9","article-title":"Youth life satisfaction: A review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Proctor","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Happiness Stud."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"305","article-title":"A comparative study of satisfaction with life in Europe","volume":"8","author":"Saris","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Opin. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2020). Healthy Ageing and Functional Ability, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.44.3.513","article-title":"Conservation of Resources: A New Attempt at Conceptualizing Stress","volume":"44","author":"Hobfoll","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797618774796","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of Gender Differences in Subjective Well-Being: Estimating Effect Sizes and Associations with Gender Inequality","volume":"29","author":"Tay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691620902428","article-title":"The U Shape of Happiness Across the Life Course: Expanding the Discussion","volume":"15","author":"Galambos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760.2020.1791946","article-title":"Loved and lost or never loved at all? Lifelong marital histories and their links with subjective well-being","volume":"16","author":"Purol","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Posit. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4457.2005.00078.x","article-title":"Partner + children = Happiness? The effects of partnerships and fertility on well-being","volume":"31","author":"Kohler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Popul. Dev. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797612447798","article-title":"In Defense of Parenthood: Children Are Associated with More Joy Than Misery","volume":"24","author":"Nelson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/jomf.12095","article-title":"Parenthood and life satisfaction: Why don\u2019t children make people happy?","volume":"76","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Marriage Fam."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.5539\/ijps.v8n3p194","article-title":"The Relationship between Life Satisfaction and Happiness: The Mediating Role of Resiliency","volume":"8","author":"Nemati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychol. Stud."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-019-02186-w","article-title":"Money and Happiness: Income, Wealth and Subjective Well-Being","volume":"148","author":"Lepinteur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc. Indic. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16489","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011492107","article-title":"High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional well-being","volume":"107","author":"Kahneman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Osei-Owusu, C., Dhillon, S., and Luginaah, I. (2024). The impact of food insecurity on mental health among older adults residing in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0301046"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1017\/S136898001900435X","article-title":"Food insecurity and mental health: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Pourmotabbed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2023.105079","article-title":"Association between food insecurity and quality of life among older adults (60+) in six low and middle-income countries","volume":"114","author":"Selvamani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2015.1022901","article-title":"A meta-meta-analysis of the effect of physical activity on depression and anxiety in non-clinical adult populations","volume":"9","author":"Rebar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2017.09.003","article-title":"Exercise and mental health","volume":"106","author":"Mikkelsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e075847","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-075847","article-title":"Effect of exercise for depression: Systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"384","author":"Noetel","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Syue, S.H., Yang, H.F., Wang, C.W., Hung, S.Y., Lee, P.H., and Fan, S.Y. (2022). The Associations between Physical Activity, Functional Fitness, and Life Satisfaction among Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19138043"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11482-022-10055-x","article-title":"Longitudinal Relations Between Depressive Symptoms and Life Satisfaction Over 15 Years","volume":"17","author":"Joshanloo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Res. Qual. Life"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Von Elm, E., Altman, D.G., Egger, M., Pocock, S.J., G\u00f8tzsche, P.C., and Vandenbroucke, J.P. (2007). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies. PLoS Med., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040296"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.41.4.1149","article-title":"Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses","volume":"41","author":"Erdfelder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoerger, M., and Currell, C. (2011). Ethical issues in Internet research. APA Handbook of Ethics in Psychology, Vol 2: Practice, Teaching, and Research, American Psychological Association.","DOI":"10.1037\/13272-018"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Ballard, T., Kepple, A., and Cafiero, C. (2013). The Food Insecurity Experience Scale: Development of a Global Standard for Monitoring Hunger Worldwide, FAO. Technical Paper."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization (2016). Methods for Estimating Comparable Prevalence Rates of Food Insecurity Experienced by Adults Throughout the World. The Food Insecurity Experience Scale, FAO."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"A118","article-title":"The Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA) among older adults","volume":"3","author":"Topolski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prev. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Guirao i Goris, J.A. (2012). Elaboraci\u00f3n y Validaci\u00f3n de la Versi\u00f3n en Espa\u00f1ol Europeo de la Escala de Valoraci\u00f3n R\u00e1pida de Actividad F\u00edsica (RAPA). [Doctoral Dissertation, Universidad de Alicante]."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C","article-title":"The patient health questionnaire-2: Validity of a two-item depression screener","volume":"41","author":"Kroenke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.4067\/s0717-92272022000300281","article-title":"Validez del cuestionario PHQ-2 para la detecci\u00f3n de depresi\u00f3n en personal sanitario colombiano durante Covid-19","volume":"60","author":"Camargo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Chil. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004","article-title":"Anxiety disorders in primary care: Prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection","volume":"146","author":"Kroenke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-10-114","article-title":"The assessment of generalized anxiety disorder: Psychometric validation of the Spanish version of the self-administered GAD-2 scale in daily medical practice","volume":"10","author":"Zamorano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404","article-title":"A global measure of perceived stress","volume":"24","author":"Cohen","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2020.113045","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the three versions of the Perceived Stress Scale in Ecuador","volume":"224","author":"Ruisoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa4901_13","article-title":"The Satisfaction With Life Scale","volume":"49","author":"Diener","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Pers. Assess."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.5.2.164","article-title":"Review of the Satisfaction With Life Scale","volume":"5","author":"Pavot","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"The R Core Team (2025). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James, G., Witten, D., Hastie, T., and Tibishirani, R. (2013). An Introduction to Statistical Learning with Applications in R (Older Version), Springer Texts in Statistics.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-7138-7"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"World Medical Association (2024). Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Participants, World Medical Association. Available online: https:\/\/www.wma.net\/policies-post\/wma-declaration-of-helsinki\/."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104640","article-title":"Conservation of resources in the organizational context: The reality of resources and their consequences","volume":"5","author":"Hobfoll","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1177\/00914150211024178","article-title":"Examining Coping Skills as a Mediating Factor in Perceived Stress and Life Satisfaction: A Comparison Between Minority and Nonminority Older Adults","volume":"95","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Aging Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jafari Bidgoli, M., Gregg, A., Stager, C.G., and Crowther, M. (2026). Financial perceptions and subjective well-being among older adults. Front. Psychol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1709795"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1177\/10998004221120945","article-title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Resistance Training on Quality of Life, Depression, Muscle Strength, and Functional Exercise Capacity in Older Adults Aged 60 Years or More","volume":"25","author":"Mirzazadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mpofu, E., Zhan, R.F., Yin, C., and Brock, K. (2024). Qualities of Older Adults\u2019 Family and Friendship Relationships and Their Association with Life Satisfaction. Geriatrics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics9020049"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2023.105122","article-title":"The chain mediation model of social support and life satisfaction among migrant older adults with children: The role of mental health and sleep quality","volume":"115","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."}],"container-title":["Geriatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3417\/11\/5\/131\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T04:18:47Z","timestamp":1789532327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3417\/11\/5\/131"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["geriatrics11050131"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/geriatrics11050131","relation":{},"ISSN":["2308-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2308-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]}}}