{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T17:35:44Z","timestamp":1782754544204,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":220,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Meath Foundation, Tallaght University Hospital","award":["R118\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R118\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Meath Foundation, Tallaght University Hospital","award":["203930\/B\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203930\/B\/16\/Z"]}]},{"name":"Wellcome Trust and the Health Research Board","award":["R118\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R118\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Wellcome Trust and the Health Research Board","award":["203930\/B\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203930\/B\/16\/Z"]}]},{"name":"Health Service Executive, National Doctors Training and Planning and the Health and Social Care, Research and Development Division, Northern Ireland","award":["R118\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R118\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Health Service Executive, National Doctors Training and Planning and the Health and Social Care, Research and Development Division, Northern Ireland","award":["203930\/B\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203930\/B\/16\/Z"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geriatrics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Apathy is a complex multi-dimensional syndrome that affects up to 70% of individuals with Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). Whilst many frameworks to define apathy in AD exist, most include loss of motivation or goal-directed behaviour as the central feature. Apathy is associated with significant impact on persons living with AD and their caregivers and is also associated with accelerated cognitive decline across the AD spectrum. Neuroimaging studies have highlighted a key role of fronto-striatial circuitry including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), orbito-frontal cortex (OFC) and associated subcortical structures. Importantly, the presence and severity of apathy strongly correlates with AD stage and neuropathological biomarkers of amyloid and tau pathology. Following from neurochemistry studies demonstrating a central role of biogenic amine neurotransmission in apathy syndrome in AD, recent clinical trial data suggest that apathy symptoms may improve following treatment with agents such as methylphenidate\u2014which may have an important role alongside emerging non-pharmacological treatment strategies. Here, we review the diagnostic criteria, rating scales, prevalence, and risk factors for apathy in AD. The underlying neurobiology, neuropsychology and associated neuroimaging findings are reviewed in detail. Finally, we discuss current treatment approaches and strategies aimed at targeting apathy syndrome in AD, highlighting areas for future research and clinical trials in patient cohorts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics8040075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]],"date-time":"2023-07-14T08:40:06Z","timestamp":1689324006000},"page":"75","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["An Update on Apathy in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Helena","family":"Dolphin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tallaght Institute of Memory and Cognition, Tallaght University Hospital, D24NR0A Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D08W9RT Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1356-510X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam H.","family":"Dyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tallaght Institute of Memory and Cognition, Tallaght University Hospital, D24NR0A Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D08W9RT Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathy","family":"McHale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tallaght Institute of Memory and Cognition, Tallaght University Hospital, D24NR0A Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"O\u2019Dowd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tallaght Institute of Memory and Cognition, Tallaght University Hospital, D24NR0A Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tallaght University Hospital, D24NR0A Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity College Dublin, D02R590 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3721-0197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean P.","family":"Kennelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tallaght Institute of Memory and Cognition, Tallaght University Hospital, D24NR0A Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Medical Gerontology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D08W9RT Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, D08W9RT Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators (2019). 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