{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:44:12Z","timestamp":1787028252796,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geriatrics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study aims to explore the differences in the manifestation of cognitive decline and psychiatric symptoms across the different ages of MCI onset: early onset (EOMCI: &lt;65 years old), middle onset (MOMCI: 65\u201375 years old), and late onset (LOMCI: &gt;75 years old). It was hypothesized that individuals with EOMCI will preserve their cognitive functions to a greater extent as compared to individuals with LOMCI, even after adjusting the cognitive performance for age and education through the use of published Greek norms. The level of cognitive decline concerning MOMCI was evaluated for extracting more precise conclusions regarding the impact of the age of onset on the patterns of MCI symptomatology. The analyses of data were conducted in a Greek population of individuals with MCI, who were consecutive visitors of the Outpatient Memory Clinic of Nestor Alzheimer\u2019s Centre in Athens, Greece. The sample consisted of 297 participants who fulfilled the following inclusion criteria: MCI diagnosis based on Petersen\u2019s criteria, Greek mother language, and absence of a psychiatric history or chronic and incurable organic disease. The overall results support the presence of a cognitive advantage of the EOMCI group compared to the LOMCI group. In the MOMCI group, cognitive performance displayed a tendency to remain intermediate compared to the other two groups. Nonetheless, significant differences were observed when this group was compared with the LOMCI group. The current findings indicate that the age of onset should be taken under consideration in the neuropsychological assessment of individuals with MCI. The specific parameters could have implications in terms of prognosis as well as the design and implementation of tailored interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics8050096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,26]],"date-time":"2023-09-26T03:45:23Z","timestamp":1695699923000},"page":"96","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Exploring the Impact of Age of Onset of Mild Cognitive Impairment on the Profile of Cognitive and Psychiatric Symptoms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Kleio","family":"Moustaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, The American College of Greece, Deree, 6, Gravias Street, 153 42 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Center, \u201cNestor\u201d Greek Psychogeriatric Association, 22, Ioannou Drosopoulou Street, 112 57 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2628-6014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chrysanthi","family":"Nega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, The American College of Greece, Deree, 6, Gravias Street, 153 42 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ion N.","family":"Beratis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Department, The American College of Greece, Deree, 6, Gravias Street, 153 42 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Center, \u201cNestor\u201d Greek Psychogeriatric Association, 22, Ioannou Drosopoulou Street, 112 57 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"1st Department of Neurology, Aiginiteio University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 28, Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2019.03.004","article-title":"Historic Concepts of Dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: From Ancient Times to the Present","volume":"176","author":"Vatanabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2016.06.020","article-title":"Spontaneous Reversion of Mild Cognitive Impairment to Normal Cognition: A Systematic Review of Literature and Meta-Analysis","volume":"17","author":"Canevelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1159\/000456070","article-title":"Predictors of Reversion from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Normal Cognition","volume":"43","author":"Pandya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.10.008","article-title":"Artificially Low Mild Cognitive Impairment to Normal Reversion Rate in the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative","volume":"15","author":"Thomas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.58.12.1985","article-title":"Current Concepts in Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"58","author":"Petersen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2004.01388.x","article-title":"Mild Cognitive Impairment as a Diagnostic Entity","volume":"256","author":"Petersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2009.266","article-title":"Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"66","author":"Petersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2013.07.003","article-title":"Classification and Epidemiology of MCI","volume":"29","author":"Roberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2002.01225.x","article-title":"Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Population-Based Study in Elderly Subjects","volume":"106","author":"Hallikainen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1159\/000272424","article-title":"Incidence of Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review","volume":"29","author":"Luck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000244430.39969.5f","article-title":"Mortality in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Prospective Community Study","volume":"67","author":"Hunderfund","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.62.11.1739","article-title":"Implementing Diagnostic Criteria and Estimating Frequency of Mild Cognitive Impairment in an Urban Community","volume":"62","author":"Manly","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1159\/000499763","article-title":"Prevalence and Incidence of Mild Cognitive Impairment across Subtypes, Age, and Sex","volume":"47","author":"Overton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1097\/JGP.0b013e3181753a64","article-title":"Mild Cognitive Impairment in the General Population: Occurrence and Progression to Alzheimer Disease","volume":"16","author":"Palmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-021-01819-w","article-title":"Incidence of Mild Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly Population in Greece: Results from the HELIAD Study","volume":"33","author":"Vlachos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1080\/0361073X.2021.1898182","article-title":"Can the RAVLT Predict Deterioration from MCI to Dementia? Data from Long Term Follow Up","volume":"47","author":"Dawidowicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Aging Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crawford, J.R., and Parker, D.M. (1989). Developments in Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, Plenum Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9996-5"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(198405)40:3<785::AID-JCLP2270400325>3.0.CO;2-4","article-title":"Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test Performance of Patients with and without Memory Impairment","volume":"40","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.9.4.518","article-title":"Process Analysis of Adult Age Effects on a Computer-Administered Trail Making Test","volume":"9","author":"Salthouse","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2011.03.001","article-title":"What Cognitive Abilities Are Involved in Trail-Making Performance?","volume":"39","author":"Salthouse","year":"2011","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.008","article-title":"The Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment Due to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association Workgroups on Diagnostic Guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"7","author":"Albert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617716000199","article-title":"Neuropsychological Criteria for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Risk in the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"22","author":"Jak","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/13554790490896893","article-title":"Non-Cognitive Symptoms in Mild Cognitive Impairment Subjects","volume":"11","author":"Lopez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurocase"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2009-1120","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"18","author":"Monastero","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S58866","article-title":"Psychological Well-Being in Individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"9","author":"Gates","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1159\/000492177","article-title":"Perceived Stress and Mild Cognitive Impairment among 32,715 Community-Dwelling Older Adults across Six Low- and Middle-Income Countries","volume":"65","author":"Koyanagi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-017-0814-8","article-title":"Non-Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Sleep Complaints: A Bidirectional Relationship?","volume":"30","author":"Rozzini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233372141877842","DOI":"10.1177\/2333721418778421","article-title":"Insomnia and Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"4","author":"Hamdy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gerontol. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T\u00e1buas-Pereira, M., Baldeiras, I., Duro, D., Santiago, B., Ribeiro, M., Leit\u00e3o, M., Oliveira, C., and Santana, I. (2016). Prognosis of Early-Onset vs. Late-Onset Mild Cognitive Impairment: Comparison of Conversion Rates and Its Predictors. Geriatrics, 1.","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics1020011"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"e12004","article-title":"Extensive Memory Testing Improves Prediction of Progression to MCI in Late Middle Age","volume":"12","author":"Gustavson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. Diagn. Assess. Dis. Monit."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.09.017","article-title":"Activation of Brain Regions Vulnerable to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: The Effect of Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"27","author":"Johnson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreira, H.S., Costa, A.S., Machado, \u00c1., Castro, S.L., Lima, C.F., and Vicente, S.G. (2019). Distinguishing Mild Cognitive Impairment from Healthy Aging and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: The Contribution of the INECO Frontal Screening (IFS). PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221873"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2009.04.003","article-title":"MCI Patients\u2019 EEGs Show Group Differences between Those Who Progress and Those Who Do Not Progress to AD","volume":"32","author":"Moretti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7490","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25377-w","article-title":"Sex Differences in Cognitive Decline in Subjects with High Likelihood of Mild Cognitive Impairment Due to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"8","author":"Sohn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1159\/000278422","article-title":"Comparison of Neuropsychological and FDG-PET Findings between Early- versus Late-Onset Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Five-Year Longitudinal Study","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Arevalo-Rodriguez, I. (2013). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqv078","article-title":"The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)","volume":"65","author":"Hobson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Occup. Med. (Chic Ill)"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.74.9.1206","article-title":"The Prevalence and Causes of Dementia in People under the Age of 65 Years","volume":"74","author":"Harvey","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1080\/13825585.2020.1799927","article-title":"Cognitive Performance in Older Adults across Europe Based on the SHARE Database","volume":"28","author":"Barbosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Neuropsychol. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-018-0761-2","article-title":"The Association between Polypharmacy and Late Life Deficits in Cognitive, Physical and Emotional Capability: A Cohort Study","volume":"41","author":"Khezrian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2017-210116","article-title":"Cognitive Function Trajectories and Their Determinants in Older People: 8 Years of Follow-up in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing","volume":"72","author":"Zaninotto","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462008000400003","article-title":"Mild Cognitive Impairment: Cognitive Screening or Neuropsychological Assessment?","volume":"30","author":"Diniz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"402","article-title":"Better Prognostic Accuracy in Younger Mild Cognitive Impairment Patients with More Years of Education","volume":"10","author":"Rolstad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. Diagn. Assess. Dis. Monit."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/9.3_Part_1.179","article-title":"Assessment of Older People: Self-Maintaining and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living","volume":"9","author":"Lawton","year":"1969","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"Mini-Mental State","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1177\/153331750001500604","article-title":"Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE): A Validation Study in Greece","volume":"15","author":"Fountoulakis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Alzheimers Dis. Other Dementiasr"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.22359\/cswhi_7_2_08","article-title":"Analysis of Psychometric Features of the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Methods","volume":"7","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Soc. Work Health Interv."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Lezak, M.D., Howieson, D.B., and Loring, D.W. (2004). Neuropsychological Assessment, Oxford University Press. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2007.06.002","article-title":"Normative Data and Discriminant Validity of Rey\u2019s Verbal Learning Test for the Greek Adult Population","volume":"22","author":"Messinis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Rey, A. (1964). L\u2019examen Clinique en Psychologie, Presses Universitaires de France."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Schmidt, M. (1996). Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test: A Handbook, Western Psychological Services."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Benton, A.L., and Hamsher, K.S. (1976). Multilingual Aphasia Examination, University of Iowa."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617704102014","article-title":"The Verbal Fluency Task in the Greek Population: Normative Data, and Clustering and Switching Strategies","volume":"10","author":"Kosmidis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Strauss, E., Sherman, E.M.S., and Spreen, O. (2006). A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests: Administration, Norms and Commentary, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Reitan, R.M. (1992). Trail Making Test: Manual for Administration and Scoring, Reitan Neuropsychology Library."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(11)73435-6","article-title":"Translation and Validation Study of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale in the Greek General Population and in a Psychiatric Patient\u2019s Sample","volume":"26","author":"Lyrakos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1080\/10615800701309279","article-title":"Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21): Psychometric Analysis across Four Racial Groups","volume":"20","author":"Norton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.4236\/psych.2018.915170","article-title":"Psychometric Properties of the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) in a Greek Sample","volume":"9","author":"Pezirkianidis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012311","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1012311","article-title":"Psychometric Evaluation of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 8-Items (DASS-8)\/DASS-12\/DASS-21 among Family Caregivers of Patients with Dementia","volume":"10","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2015.1085496","article-title":"Age and Education Adjusted Normative Data and Discriminative Validity for Rey\u2019s Auditory Verbal Learning Test in the Elderly Greek Population","volume":"38","author":"Messinis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1080\/13854040701629301","article-title":"A Normative Study of the Trail Making Test A and B in Greek Adults","volume":"22","author":"Zalonis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, Y., Wu, W., Feng, W., Wang, J., Chen, Y., Shen, Y., Li, Q., Zhang, X., and Li, C. (2012). The Effects of Multi-Domain versus Single-Domain Cognitive Training in Non-Demented Older People: A Randomized Controlled Trial. BMC Med., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-10-30"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.8.1130","article-title":"Patterns of Atrophy Differ Among Specific Subtypes of Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"64","author":"Whitwell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P30","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/51B.1.P30","article-title":"General and Specific Speed Mediation of Adult Age Differences in Memory","volume":"51B","author":"Salthouse","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Yanagihara, T., and Petersen, R.C. (1991). Memory Disorders: Research and Clinical Practice, Marcel Dekker."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1017\/S104161020700542X","article-title":"Mini-Mental State Examination Performance in Mild Cognitive Impairment Subtypes","volume":"19","author":"Diniz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4035","article-title":"Amnestic Multiple Cognitive Domains Impairment and Periventricular White Matter Hyperintensities Are Independently Predictive Factors Progression to Dementia in Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1385\/JMN:17:2:101","article-title":"Pathologic Correlates of Nondemented Aging, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Early-Stage Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"17","author":"Morris","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/29.4.484","article-title":"The Hazards of Cognitive Aging","volume":"29","author":"Schaie","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2012.11.013","article-title":"Characterizing Mild Cognitive Disorders in the Young-old over 8 Years: Prevalence, Estimated Incidence, Stability of Diagnosis, and Impact on IADLs","volume":"9","author":"Anstey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1159\/000360282","article-title":"The Combination of Dysexecutive and Amnestic Deficits Strongly Predicts Conversion to Dementia in Young Mild Cognitive Impairment Patients: A Report from the Gothenburg-Oslo MCI Study","volume":"4","author":"Hessen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Dis. Extra"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.11.2071","article-title":"Prevalence and Natural Course of Aging-Associated Cognitive Decline in a Population-Based Sample of Young-Old Subjects","volume":"162","author":"Pantel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.3.303","article-title":"Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"56","author":"Petersen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-44462010005000002","article-title":"Clinical and Biological Predictors of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease in Patients with Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"32","author":"Forlenza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1124","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00776.2018","article-title":"Role of Age-Related Alterations of the Cerebral Venous Circulation in the Pathogenesis of Vascular Cognitive Impairment","volume":"316","author":"Fulop","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlx009","article-title":"Collagenosis of the Deep Medullary Veins: An Underrecognized Pathologic Correlate of White Matter Hyperintensities and Periventricular Infarction?","volume":"76","author":"Keith","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5327","article-title":"In Vivo Imaging of Venous Side Cerebral Small-Vessel Disease in Older Adults: An MRI Method at 7T","volume":"38","author":"Shaaban","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(90)90422-X","article-title":"Leukoaraiosis in Asymptomatic Adult Offspring of Individuals with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"27","author":"Coffman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-131232","article-title":"White Matter Hyperintensities Are Positively Associated with Cortical Thickness in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"39","author":"Jacobs","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"18","article-title":"White Matter Hyperintensities Are More Highly Associated with Preclinical Alzheimer\u2019s Disease than Imaging and Cognitive Markers of Neurodegeneration","volume":"4","author":"Kandel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. Diagn. Assess. Dis. Monit."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azam, S., Haque, M.E., Balakrishnan, R., Kim, I.-S., and Choi, D.-K. (2021). The Ageing Brain: Molecular and Cellular Basis of Neurodegeneration. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.683459"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhh003","article-title":"Differential Vulnerability of Anterior White Matter in Nondemented Aging with Minimal Acceleration in Dementia of the Alzheimer Type: Evidence from Diffusion Tensor Imaging","volume":"14","author":"Head","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1555115","article-title":"The Impact of Age on Cognition","volume":"36","author":"Murman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Hear."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2005.036665","article-title":"Ageing and the Brain","volume":"82","author":"Peters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.308426","article-title":"Vascular Cognitive Impairment","volume":"120","author":"Dichgans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1159\/000341782","article-title":"Roles of Education and IQ in Cognitive Reserve in Parkinson\u2019s Disease-Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"2","author":"Armstrong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Dis. Extra"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.25.5.680.14579","article-title":"Literacy and Memory Decline Among Ethnically Diverse Elders","volume":"25","author":"Manly","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2011.09.012","article-title":"Exploring the Neural Basis of Cognitive Reserve in Aging","volume":"1822","author":"Steffener","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410320311","article-title":"Inverse Relationship between Education and Parietotemporal Perfusion Deficit in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"32","author":"Stern","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291705006264","article-title":"Brain Reserve and Dementia: A Systematic Review","volume":"36","author":"VALENZUELA","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1159\/000342973","article-title":"Neuropsychological Performance and Conversion to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease in Early- Compared to Late-Onset Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: CREDOS Study","volume":"34","author":"Ye","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riddle, D.R. (2007). Brain Aging: Models, Methods, and Mechanisms, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420005523"},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Craik, F.I.M., and Salthouse, T.A. (2000). The Handbook of Aging and Cognition, Erlbaum."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cabeza, R., Nyberg, L., and Park, D. (2005). Cognitive Neuroscience of Aging, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195156744.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Park, D., and Schwarz, N. (2000). Cognitive Aging: A Primer, Psychology Press."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Craik, F.I.M., and Salthouse, T.A. (2000). The Handbook of Aging and Cognition, Erlbaum."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"2303","article-title":"The Disconnected Brain and Executive Function Decline in Aging","volume":"27","author":"Fjell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"226","article-title":"Cognitive Aging, Executive Function, and Fractional Anisotropy: A Diffusion Tensor MR Imaging Study","volume":"28","author":"Grieve","year":"2007","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0000000000000145","article-title":"Reversion From Mild Cognitive Impairment to Normal Cognition","volume":"30","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.09.012","article-title":"Clinical and Demographic Predictors of Mild Cognitive Impairment for Converting to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Reverting to Normal Cognition","volume":"346","author":"Tokuchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5159","article-title":"Factors for Predicting Reversion from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Normal Cognition: A Meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Geriatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3417\/8\/5\/96\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T20:57:45Z","timestamp":1760129865000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3417\/8\/5\/96"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["geriatrics8050096"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/geriatrics8050096","relation":{},"ISSN":["2308-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2308-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]}}}