{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:01:20Z","timestamp":1787065280921,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Geriatrics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Hand dexterity is affected by normal aging and neuroinflammatory processes in the brain. Understanding the relationship between hand dexterity and brain structure in neurotypical older adults may be informative about prodromal pathological processes, thus providing an opportunity for earlier diagnosis and intervention to improve functional outcomes. Methods: this study investigates the associations between hand dexterity and brain measures in neurotypical older adults (\u226565 years) using the Nine-Hole Peg Test (9HPT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results: Elastic net regularized regression revealed that reduced hand dexterity in dominant and non-dominant hands was associated with an enlarged volume of the left choroid plexus, the region implicated in neuroinflammatory and altered myelination processes, and reduced myelin content in the left frontal operculum, the region implicated in motor imagery, action production, and higher-order motor functions. Distinct neural mechanisms underlying hand dexterity in dominant and non-dominant hands included the differences in caudate and thalamic volumes as well as altered cortical myelin patterns in frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital regions supporting sensorimotor and visual processing and integration, attentional control, and eye movements. Although elastic net identified more predictive features for the dominant vs. non-dominant hand, the feature stability was higher for the latter, thus indicating higher generalizability for the non-dominant hand model. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the 9HPT for hand dexterity might be a cost-effective screening tool for early detection of neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes. Longitudinal studies are needed to validate our findings in a larger sample and explore the potential of hand dexterity as an early clinical marker.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics9060165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T03:46:02Z","timestamp":1734407162000},"page":"165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Relationship Between Reduced Hand Dexterity and Brain Structure Abnormality in Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6605-5130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Manelis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1351-2502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Skye","family":"Satz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-021-00528-7","article-title":"The Neural Mechanisms of Manual Dexterity","volume":"22","author":"Sobinov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21619","article-title":"Manual Dexterity in Young and Healthy Older Adults. 1. Age- and Gender-Related Differences in Unimanual and Bimanual Performance","volume":"60","author":"Vasylenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Psychobiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/58.2.M146","article-title":"The Aging Hand","volume":"58","author":"Carmeli","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gerontol.-Ser. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kobayashi-Cuya, K.E., Sakurai, R., Sakuma, N., Suzuki, H., Yasunaga, M., Ogawa, S., Takebayashi, T., and Fujiwara, Y. (2018). Hand Dexterity, Not Handgrip Strength, Is Associated with Executive Function in Japanese Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Geriatr., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-018-0880-6"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05551.x","article-title":"Dexterity Is Impaired at Both Hands Following Unilateral Subcortical Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke","volume":"25","author":"Nowak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.30.5.949","article-title":"Impaired Dexterity of the Ipsilateral Hand after Stroke and the Relationship to Cognitive Deficit","volume":"30","author":"Sunderland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcae133","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcae133","article-title":"Impact of Long-Term White Matter Hyperintensity Changes on Mobility and Dexterity","volume":"6","author":"Jochems","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105696","article-title":"Exploring the Relationship between Manual Dexterity and Cognition in People with Multiple Sclerosis: 9-Hole Peg and Multiple Cognitive Functions","volume":"88","author":"Abraham","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.01.008","article-title":"Skilled Hand Dexterity in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Effects of Adding a Concurrent Task","volume":"91","author":"Proud","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.17046","article-title":"Quantitative Assessment of Hand Dysfunction in Patients with Early Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Focal Hand Dystonia","volume":"11","author":"Kandaswamy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-4446-2015-1874","article-title":"Impairment of Fine Motor Dexterity in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Dementia: Association with Activities of Daily Living","volume":"38","author":"Albuquerque","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e064919","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.064919","article-title":"Comparison of Manual Dexterity of People with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Cognitively Healthy Older Adults: The Impact of Cognition","volume":"19","author":"Yeldan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-248022","article-title":"Function of the Hand as a Predictor of Early Diagnosis and Progression of Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia: A Systematic Review","volume":"32","author":"Namkoong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Technol. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"977","article-title":"Exploring the Complex Phenotypes of Impaired Finger Dexterity in Mild-To-Moderate Stage Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Time-Series Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Panyakaew","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.12.112","article-title":"ALE Meta-Analysis of Action Observation and Imitation in the Human Brain","volume":"50","author":"Caspers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.08.003","article-title":"Neural Correlates of Action: Comparing Meta-Analyses of Imagery, Observation, and Execution","volume":"94","author":"Hardwick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00423-8","article-title":"The Cortical Motor System","volume":"31","author":"Rizzolatti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-070918-050216","article-title":"The Cortical Motor Areas and the Emergence of Motor Skills: A Neuroanatomical Perspective","volume":"44","author":"Strick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142922","article-title":"Intentional Maps in Posterior Parietal Cortex","volume":"25","author":"Andersen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2006.03.005","article-title":"Human Parietal Cortex in Action","volume":"16","author":"Culham","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw5388","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaw5388","article-title":"The Somatosensory Cortex Receives Information about Motor Output","volume":"5","author":"Umeda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00081.2018","article-title":"Context-Dependent Tactile Texture-Sensitivity in Monkey M1 and S1 Cortex","volume":"120","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.29.1737","article-title":"Change in Hand Dexterity and Habitual Gait Speed Reflects Cognitive Decline over Time in Healthy Older Adults: A Longitudinal Study","volume":"29","author":"Abe","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwalbe, M., Satz, S., Miceli, R., Hu, H., and Manelis, A. (2023). Hand Dexterity Is Associated with the Ability to Resolve Perceptual and Cognitive Interference in Older Adults: Pilot Study. Geriatrics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics8020031"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00629.2020","article-title":"The Role of Eye Movements, Attention, and Hand Movements on Age-Related Differences in Pegboard Tests","volume":"126","author":"Walters","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E536","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1715617115","article-title":"Motor Dexterity and Strength Depend upon Integrity of the Attention-Control System","volume":"115","author":"Rinne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3163","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0390-20.2021","article-title":"The Myelin Content of the Human Precentral Hand Knob Reflects Interindividual Differences in Manual Motor Control at the Physiological and Behavioral Level","volume":"41","author":"Dubbioso","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2021.102926","article-title":"Choroid Plexus Enlargement Is Associated with Neuroinflammation and Reduction of Blood Brain Barrier Permeability in Depression","volume":"33","author":"Althubaity","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51644","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51644","article-title":"Choroid Plexus Volume in Multiple Sclerosis Predicts Expansion of Chronic Lesions and Brain Atrophy","volume":"9","author":"Klistorner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac334","article-title":"Periventricular Remyelination Failure in Multiple Sclerosis: A Substrate for Neurodegeneration","volume":"146","author":"Tonietto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2025000118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2025000118","article-title":"Translational Value of Choroid Plexus Imaging for Tracking Neuroinflammation in Mice and Humans","volume":"118","author":"Fleischer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2011.05.001","article-title":"Assessing Dexterity Function: A Comparison of Two Alternatives for the NIH Toolbox","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hand Ther."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2014.09.002","article-title":"Dexterity as Measured with the 9-Hole Peg Test (9-HPT) across the Age Span","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hand Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1177\/153944928500500102","article-title":"Adult Norms for the Nine Hole Peg Test of Finger Dexterity","volume":"5","author":"Mathiowetz","year":"1985","journal-title":"Occup. Ther. J. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18933","article-title":"A Multi-Modal Parcellation of Human Cerebral Cortex","volume":"536","author":"Glasser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2021.102790","article-title":"Aberrant Levels of Cortical Myelin Distinguish Individuals with Depressive Disorders from Healthy Controls","volume":"32","author":"Baranger","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manelis, A., Hu, H., Miceli, R., Satz, S., Lau, R., Iyengar, S., and Swartz, H. (2024). The Relationship between the Size and Asymmetry of the Lateral Ventricles and Cortical Myelin Content in Individuals with Mood Disorders. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.04.30.24306621"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manelis, A., Hu, H., Miceli, R., Satz, S., and Schwalbe, M. (2023). Neural Correlates of the Sound Facilitation Effect in the Modified Simon Task in Older Adults. Front. Aging Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1207707"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Nelson, H.E. (1982). National Adult Reading Test (NART): For the Assessment of Premorbid Intelligence in Patients with Dementia: Test Manual, Nfer-Nelson."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"773","article-title":"Optimal Cutoffs for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Vary by Race and Ethnicity","volume":"10","author":"Milani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. Diagnosis, Assess. Dis. Monit."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A Brief Screening Tool for Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"77","article-title":"Hand Strength and Dexterity","volume":"25","author":"Kellor","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am. J. Occup. Ther. Off. Publ. Am. Occup. Ther. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-022-04423-w","article-title":"Reliability and Agreement of the Nine Hole Peg Test in Patients with Unilateral Spastic Cerebral Palsy","volume":"181","author":"Florencio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-019-0479-y","article-title":"A Modified Standardized Nine Hole Peg Test for Valid and Reliable Kinematic Assessment of Dexterity Post-Stroke","volume":"16","author":"Johansson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Halchenko, Y., Goncalves, M., di Castello, M.V.O., Ghosh, S., Hanke, M., Amlien, I., Brett, M., Salo, T., and Gorgolewski, C. (2024, December 12). Nipy\/Heudiconv, Available online: https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/2653784."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2016.03.001","article-title":"The First Step for Neuroimaging Data Analysis: DICOM to NIfTI Conversion","volume":"264","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esteban, O., Birman, D., Schaer, M., Koyejo, O.O., Poldrack, R.A., and Gorgolewski, K.J. (2017). MRIQC: Advancing the Automatic Prediction of Image Quality in MRI from Unseen Sites. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1101\/111294"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0395","article-title":"Cortical Surface-Based Analysis. I. Segmentation and Surface Reconstruction","volume":"9","author":"Dale","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11597","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2180-11.2011","article-title":"Mapping Human Cortical Areas in Vivo Based on Myelin Content as Revealed by T1- and T2-Weighted MRI","volume":"31","author":"Glasser","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.04.127","article-title":"The Minimal Preprocessing Pipelines for the Human Connectome Project","volume":"80","author":"Glasser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.10.037","article-title":"Multimodal Surface Matching with Higher-Order Smoothness Constraints","volume":"167","author":"Robinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v033.i01","article-title":"Regularization Paths for Generalized Linear Models via Coordinate Descent","volume":"33","author":"Friedman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2005.00503.x","article-title":"Regularization and Variable Selection via the Elastic Net","volume":"67","author":"Zou","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Stat. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2021.101595","article-title":"Protocol for a Machine Learning Algorithm Predicting Depressive Disorders Using the T1w\/T2w Ratio","volume":"8","author":"Baranger","year":"2021","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2023.09.001","article-title":"The Functional Dexterity Test in Adult Populations: An Exploration of a Simplified Test Protocol and Parameters Guided by Statistical Outcomes","volume":"37","author":"Bachman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hand Ther."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson, D., Brissette, C.A., and Watt, J.A. (2022). The Choroid Plexus and Its Role in the Pathogenesis of Neurological Infections. Fluids Barriers CNS, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-022-00372-6"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"114051","article-title":"Choroid Plexus Pathophysiology","volume":"20","author":"Courtney","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.10.025","article-title":"Increased Serum Peripheral C-Reactive Protein Is Associated with Reduced Brain Barriers Permeability of TSPO Radioligands in Healthy Volunteers and Depressed Patients: Implications for Inflammation and Depression","volume":"91","author":"Turkheimer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain. Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2021204426","article-title":"Choroid Plexus Enlargement in Inflammatory Multiple Sclerosis: 3.0-T MRI and Translocator Protein PET Evaluation","volume":"301","author":"Ricigliano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.07.002","article-title":"The Choroid Plexus Synergizes with Immune Cells during Neuroinflammation","volume":"187","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-024-01520-w","article-title":"Choroid Plexus Volume as a Novel Candidate Neuroimaging Marker of the Alzheimer\u2019s Continuum","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5297","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-023-10572-9","article-title":"Choroid Plexus Enlargement in Mild Cognitive Impairment on MRI: A Large Cohort Study","volume":"34","author":"Umemura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.212400","article-title":"Choroid Plexus Volume and Permeability at Brain MRI within the Alzheimer Disease Clinical Spectrum","volume":"304","author":"Choi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105424","article-title":"Enlarged Choroid Plexus in Multiple Sclerosis Is Associated with Increased Lesion Load and Atrophy in White Matter but Not Gray Matter Atrophy","volume":"82","author":"Akaishi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3611","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3611","article-title":"Choroid Plexus Volumes and Auditory Verbal Learning Scores Are Associated with Conversion from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"14","author":"Pearson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4939","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhac391","article-title":"Prefrontal and Somatosensory-Motor Cortex Effective Connectivity in Humans","volume":"33","author":"Rolls","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15936","article-title":"Functional Connectivity Fingerprints of the Frontal Eye Field and Inferior Frontal Junction Suggest Spatial versus Nonspatial Processing in the Prefrontal Cortex","volume":"57","author":"Soyuhos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S175","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opy259","article-title":"A Connectomic Atlas of the Human Cerebrum\u2014Chapter 5: The Insula and Opercular Cortex","volume":"15","author":"Baker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oper. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-934X(03)00358-4","article-title":"Motor Functions of the Broca\u2019s Region","volume":"89","author":"Binkofski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.027","article-title":"The Caudate Nucleus: Its Connections, Surgical Implications, and Related Complications","volume":"139","author":"Kearns","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2010.05.002","article-title":"3D Maps Localize Caudate Nucleus Atrophy in 400 Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Healthy Elderly Subjects","volume":"31","author":"Madsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.102","article-title":"MRI Atrophy of the Caudate Nucleus and Slower Walking Speed in the Elderly","volume":"60","author":"Dumurgier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.09.040","article-title":"Caudate Nucleus Is Enlarged in High-Functioning Medication-Naive Subjects with Autism","volume":"62","author":"Langen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreou, D., J\u00f8rgensen, K.N., Nerland, S., Calkova, T., M\u00f8rch-Johnsen, L., Smelror, R.E., Wortinger, L.A., Lundberg, M., Bohman, H., and Myhre, A.M. (2024). Caudate Nucleus Volume in Medicated and Unmedicated Patients with Early- and Adult-Onset Schizophrenia. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-73322-x"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.5.1253","article-title":"Human Anterior Intraparietal Area Subserves Prehension: A Combined Lesion and Functional MRI Activation Study","volume":"50","author":"Binkofski","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S350","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opy262","article-title":"A Connectomic Atlas of the Human Cerebrum-Chapter 8: The Posterior Cingulate Cortex, Medial Parietal Lobe, and Parieto-Occipital Sulcus","volume":"15","author":"Baker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oper. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cophys.2021.01.016","article-title":"Contribution of Muscle Proprioception to Limb Movement Perception and Proprioceptive Decline with Ageing","volume":"20","author":"Landelle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s11556-007-0026-x","article-title":"Aging Effects on Joint Proprioception: The Role of Physical Activity in Proprioception Preservation","volume":"4","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Aging Phys. Act."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17590914221097510","DOI":"10.1177\/17590914221097510","article-title":"Motor Learning and Physical Exercise in Adaptive Myelination and Remyelination","volume":"14","author":"Bloom","year":"2022","journal-title":"ASN Neuro"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antonioni, A., Raho, E.M., Straudi, S., Granieri, E., Koch, G., and Fadiga, L. (2024). The Cerebellum and the Mirror Neuron System: A Matter of Inhibition? From Neurophysiological Evidence to Neuromodulatory Implications. A Narrative Review. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 164.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105830"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s11556-023-00319-2","article-title":"Effects of Home-Based Manual Dexterity Training on Cognitive Function among Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"20","author":"Seol","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Aging Phys. Act."}],"container-title":["Geriatrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3417\/9\/6\/165\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:53:34Z","timestamp":1760115214000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2308-3417\/9\/6\/165"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["geriatrics9060165"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/geriatrics9060165","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.11.11.24317033","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2308-3417"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2308-3417","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]}}}