{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T21:28:54Z","timestamp":1773264534299,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Grasses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>When subjected to a combination of abiotic stresses in the field, such as saline and thermal stress, plants can suffer devastating effects on their development. Regarding millet, little is known about the effects of temperature and salinity on its germination and initial development. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the germination responses and initial development of millet seedlings subjected to thermal and saline stresses. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 16 treatments in a 4 \u00d7 4 factorial scheme, four salinity levels (0.0\u2014control, 100, 200, and 300 mM) and four temperatures (10, 20, 30, and 40 \u00b0C). The germination percentage, average germination time, germination speed index, shoot length, and primary root length of seedlings were evaluated. The different salinity concentrations and temperatures significantly influenced all the variables studied, gradually reducing with increasing salinity and decreasing temperature, with optimal ranges at higher temperatures and lower salinity levels. It is concluded that the ideal conditions for germination and initial development of millet are as follows: a temperature between 20 and 30 \u00b0C and the absence of salinity. They tolerate concentrations of up to 200 mM and temperatures of 40 \u00b0C. On the other hand, high salinity and low temperature can delay and\/or inhibit germination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/grasses5010013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T08:58:45Z","timestamp":1773046725000},"page":"13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Germination and Initial Development of Pennisetum glaucum in Response to Saline and Thermal Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Cleber Pereira","family":"Alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Gregorio Ferraz Nogueira Avenu, S\/N, Jos\u00e9 Tom\u00e9 de Souza Ramos, Serra Talhada 56909-535, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0719-611X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baltazar","family":"Cirino Junior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Gregorio Ferraz Nogueira Avenu, S\/N, Jos\u00e9 Tom\u00e9 de Souza Ramos, Serra Talhada 56909-535, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4717-6359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Karlla Penna","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Gregorio Ferraz Nogueira Avenu, S\/N, Jos\u00e9 Tom\u00e9 de Souza Ramos, Serra Talhada 56909-535, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3260-8745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joyce Naiara Da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Agronomy, Federal University of Para\u00edba, University Campus II, Areia 58397-000, PB, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Domingos S\u00e1vio Marques de Menezes","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Gregorio Ferraz Nogueira Avenu, S\/N, Jos\u00e9 Tom\u00e9 de Souza Ramos, Serra Talhada 56909-535, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danielle da Silva","family":"Eug\u00eanio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Gregorio Ferraz Nogueira Avenu, S\/N, Jos\u00e9 Tom\u00e9 de Souza Ramos, Serra Talhada 56909-535, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6975-2882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cintya Mikaelly Pereira Gaia","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomic and Forestry Sciences, Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid, Av. Francisco Mota, 572\u2014Costa e Silva, Mossoro 59625-900, RN, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4241-241X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maur\u00edcio Luiz De Mello Vieira","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Gregorio Ferraz Nogueira Avenu, S\/N, Jos\u00e9 Tom\u00e9 de Souza Ramos, Serra Talhada 56909-535, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monalisa Alves Diniz Da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Gregorio Ferraz Nogueira Avenu, S\/N, Jos\u00e9 Tom\u00e9 de Souza Ramos, Serra Talhada 56909-535, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8355-4935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thieres George Freire da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Gregorio Ferraz Nogueira Avenu, S\/N, Jos\u00e9 Tom\u00e9 de Souza Ramos, Serra Talhada 56909-535, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2018.08.028","article-title":"Spatio-temporal changes of the climatic water balance in Romania as a response to precipitation and reference evapotranspiration trends during 1961\u20132013","volume":"172","author":"Pravalie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2018.02.002","article-title":"Improved photosynthetic efficacy of maize (Zea mays) plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) under high temperature stress","volume":"180","author":"Mathur","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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