{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T11:28:11Z","timestamp":1791545291658,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Healthcare"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Osteoporosis-related fragility fractures are increasing worldwide. An assessment of the prevalence of fragility fractures in Bahrain is needed to determine proper action and preventive strategies. The main objective of this study was to conduct a retrospective cross-sectional study to investigate the prevalence of fragility fractures in adult Bahraini patients. Another objective was to explore the relationship of fragility fracture risk with BMD, age, sex, BMI, vitamin D status, and therapy. Methods: To investigate the fragility fractures, we retrospectively reviewed the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) data of patients who underwent scans for the diagnosis of osteoporosis between 2016 and 2018. The data were collected from four large centers in Bahrain. The patients\u2019 medical records were reviewed for the fragility fracture data, BMD, sex, age, BMI, vitamin D status, and therapy. Results: Among a total of 4572 patients who visited the radiology departments during the 3-year study period, only 412 patients with fragility fractures were considered for the current study. The mean age of the patients in this cohort was 63.9 \u00b1 12.2 years. There were 393 females (95.6%). Among the 431 fragility fractures, there were 175 (40.6%) belonging to three common fracture sites: vertebral (86, 20.9%), femur (60, 14.6%), and distal radius (Colles) fractures (29, 7%). Other fragility fractures were hand (7%), radius and ulna (3.7%), humerus (6.5%), tibia and fibula (5.6%), foot\/ankle (27.9%), ribs (3.0%), and pelvis (1.6%). Our results revealed a significant association between the fragility fractures and BMD (\u03c72 = 6.7, p = 0.035). We reported a significant association of fragility fracture with sex (p = 0.006) and with denosumab therapy (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: This study reported a reduced BMD and an increased prevalence of fragility fractures among Bahraini subjects. The highest frequencies of fragility fractures among our cohort were foot\/ankle, vertebral, and hip fractures, respectively. We showed a statistically significant association between fragility fractures and BMD. The current study indicated that not only patients with low BMD but also patients with fragility fractures were undertreated. Thus, the immediate initiation of treatment and the synthesis of local osteoporosis treatment guidelines are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12242515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T03:52:49Z","timestamp":1733975569000},"page":"2515","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Frequency of Osteoporosis-Related Fractures in the Kingdom of Bahrain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1992-3740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adla B.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 329, Bahrain"},{"name":"King Abdullah Medical City, Manama 329, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4279-2371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amer","family":"Almarabheh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 329, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2769-698X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Almekhyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 329, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Redha","family":"Karashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 329, Bahrain"},{"name":"Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama 329, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1946-7474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamal","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthocare, Orthopaedic, Centre, Building 152 Road 66, Bilad Al Qadeem 361, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mansoor","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthocare, Orthopaedic, Centre, Building 152 Road 66, Bilad Al Qadeem 361, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulhameed","family":"Alawadhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 329, Bahrain"},{"name":"Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama 329, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8990-1320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haitham","family":"Jahrami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 329, Bahrain"},{"name":"Psychiatric Hospital, Government Hospitals, Manama 329, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"937","article-title":"A systematic review of the outcomes of osteoporotic fracture patients after hospital discharge: Morbidity, subsequent fractures, and mortality","volume":"10","author":"Nazrun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther. 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