{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T01:40:04Z","timestamp":1782870004040,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia","award":["GSSRD-24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GSSRD-24"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Healthcare"],"abstract":"<jats:p>PURPOSE: Job profiles such as heavy vehicle drivers and transportation office workers that involve prolonged static and inappropriate postures and forceful exertions often impact an individual\u2019s health, leading to various disorders, most commonly musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). In the present study, various individual risk factors, such as age, weight, height, BMI, sleep patterns, work experience, smoking status, and alcohol intake, were undertaken to see their influence on MSDs. METHODS: The modified version of the Nordic Questionnaire was administered in the present cross-sectional study to collect data from 48 heavy vehicle drivers and 40 transportation office workers. RESULTS: The analysis revealed low back pain (LBP), knee pain (KP), and neck pain (NP) to be the dominant pains suffered by the participants from both occupational groups. LBP, KP, and NP were suffered by 56%, 43.75%, and 39% heavy vehicle drivers and 47.5%, 40%, and 27.5% transport office workers, respectively. From the insignificant value of Chi-square, it can be inferred that the participants from both occupations experience similar levels of LBP, KP, and NP. The Bayesian model applied to the total sample showed that NP influenced KP, which further influenced the LBP of the workers. Age was predicted as LBP\u2019s most significant risk factor by the logistic regression model when applied to the total sample, while NP was found to decrease with an increase in per unit sleep. CONCLUSIONS: The overall results concluded that heavy vehicle drivers and office workers, irrespective of their different job profiles, endured pain similarly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12242560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T06:50:44Z","timestamp":1734591044000},"page":"2560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Heavy Vehicle Drivers and Office Workers: A Comparative Analysis Using a Machine Learning Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Raza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Imphal 795004, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh Kumar","family":"Bhushan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Imphal 795004, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9325-6640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abid Ali","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9091-9245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulelah M.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5555-8138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulrahman","family":"Khamaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Computer Science, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Mukhtar","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tahernejad, S., Makki, F., Bameri, A., Zangiabadi, Z., Rezaei, E., and Marzban, H. (2024). Musculoskeletal Disorders among Truck Drivers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-20611-9"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2003.09.015","article-title":"Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders: The Epidemiologic Evidence and the Debate","volume":"14","author":"Punnett","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pickard, O., Burton, P., Yamada, H., Schram, B., Canetti, E.F.D., and Orr, R. (2022). Musculoskeletal Disorders Associated with Occupational Driving: A Systematic Review Spanning 2006\u20132021. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19116837"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2017.04.019","article-title":"Sedentary Behavior and Musculoskeletal Pain: A Five-Year Longitudinal Icelandic Study","volume":"149","author":"Stefansdottir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S243","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnw002","article-title":"Musculoskeletal Health Conditions Represent a Global Threat to Healthy Aging: A Report for the 2015 World Health Organization World Report on Ageing and Health","volume":"56","author":"Briggs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"365","article-title":"OSH in Figures: Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in the EU-Facts and Figures","volume":"60","author":"Schneider","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arbeitsbezogene Muskel-Skelett-Erkrank."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.74.6.574","article-title":"Epidemiology of Musculoskeletal Impairments and Associated Disability","volume":"74","author":"Cunningham","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1179\/oeh.2001.7.3.217","article-title":"Musculoskeletal Disorders in Industrial Workers of Delhi","volume":"7","author":"Joshi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Parent-Thirion, A., Vermeylen, G., van Houten, G., Lyly-Yrj\u00e4n\u00e4inen, M., Biletta, I., and Cabrita, J. (2012). Eurofound, Fifth European Working Conditions Survey Overview Report, Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2017.06.005","article-title":"Work Sectors with High Risk for Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Korean Men and Women","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saf. Health Work"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2018.05.005","article-title":"Risk Factors Associated with Self-Reported Musculoskeletal Pain among Short and Long Distance Industrial Gas Delivery Truck Drivers","volume":"72","author":"Sekkay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2018.08.013","article-title":"Factors Associated with Musculoskeletal Pain and Discomfort among Canadian Truck Drivers: A Cross-Sectional Study of Worker Perspectives","volume":"11","author":"Senthanar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"517259","article-title":"Occupational and Personal Determinants of Musculoskeletal Disorders among Urban Taxi Drivers in Ghana","volume":"2014","author":"Abledu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Sch. Res. Not."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_532_23","article-title":"Prevalence of Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMSDs) and Its Association with Modifiable Risk Factors in Metropolitan Bus Transit Drivers: A Cross-sectional Comparison","volume":"12","author":"Sheth","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e23780","article-title":"Identification of Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders and Various Risk Factors in Dentists","volume":"10","author":"Bhatia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.3233\/WOR-230655","article-title":"Assessment of Occupational Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) among Heavy Vehicle Drivers","volume":"79","author":"Raza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Work"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"432","article-title":"Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Truck Drivers and Official Workers","volume":"53","author":"Mozafari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Medica Iran."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.21608\/epx.2017.16405","article-title":"Work-Related and Ergonomic Risk Factors Associated with Low Back Pain among Bus Drivers","volume":"92","author":"Hakim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Egypt. Public Health Assoc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13940-0","article-title":"Factors Associated with Reduced Risk of Musculoskeletal Disorders among Office Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study 2017 to 2020","volume":"22","author":"Putsa","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1002\/hfm.20387","article-title":"Association of Risk Factors with Musculoskeletal Disorders among Male Commercial Bus Drivers in Malaysia","volume":"24","author":"Tamrin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Factors Ergon. Manuf. Serv. Ind."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2023, July 06). Commercial Vehicles Market in India (2020 to 2024)\u2014Featuring Ashok Leyland, Force Motors and Mahindra & Mahindra Among Others\u2014Research and Markets.com|Business Wire. Available online: https:\/\/www.businesswire.com\/news\/home\/20200424005188\/en\/Commercial-Vehicles-Market-in-India-2020-to-2024---Featuring-Ashok-Leyland-Force-Motors-and-Mahindra-Mahindra-Among-Others---ResearchAndMarkets.com."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2021.103574","article-title":"The Role of Machine Learning in the Primary Prevention of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Scoping Review","volume":"98","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deberneh, H.M., and Kim, I. (2021). Prediction of Type 2 Diabetes Based on Machine Learning Algorithm. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18063317"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s41256-022-00282-y","article-title":"Machine Learning Identifies Prominent Factors Associated with Cardiovascular Disease: Findings from Two Million Adults in the Kashgar Prospective Cohort Study (KPCS)","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Health Res. Policy"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruddy, J.D., Cormack, S.J., Whiteley, R., Williams, M.D., Timmins, R.G., and Opar, D.A. (2019). Modeling the Risk of Team Sport Injuries: A Narrative Review of Different Statistical Approaches. Front. Physiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00829"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2023.101438","article-title":"Risk Factors Associated with Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders among Dumper Operators: A Machine Learning Approach","volume":"24","author":"Kar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.6000\/1929-6029.2021.10.16","article-title":"A Comparison of Multiple Machine Learning Algorithms to Predict Whole-Body Vibration Exposure of Dumper Operators in Iron Ore Mines in India","volume":"10","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Stat. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(87)90010-X","article-title":"Standardised Nordic Questionnaires for the Analysis of Musculoskeletal Symptoms","volume":"18","author":"Kuorinka","year":"1987","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-006-0124-x","article-title":"Validity of Pressure Pain Thresholds in Female Workers with and without Recurrent Low Back Pain","volume":"16","author":"Schenk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.21091\/mppa.2014.2015","article-title":"Musculoskeletal Pain among Polish Music School Students","volume":"29","author":"Nawrocka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Probl. Perform. Artist."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12150","DOI":"10.1002\/1348-9585.12150","article-title":"Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Pain among Professional Drivers: A Systematic Review","volume":"62","author":"Joseph","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ngatcha Tchounga, C.C., Azabji Kenfack, M., Guessogo, W.R., Mekoulou Ndongo, J., Bika L\u00e9le, E.C., Ayina Ayina, C.N., Temfemo, A., Bongue, B., Mandengue, S.H., and Etoundi Ngoa, L.S. (2022). Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders among Taxi Drivers in Yaound\u00e9, Cameroon: Preventive Effect of Physical Activity. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-05971-w"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199201000-00010","article-title":"Self-Reported Back Pain in Fork-Lift Truck and Freight-Container Tractor Drivers Exposed to Whole-Body Vibration","volume":"17","author":"Boshuizen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.2020.1834233","article-title":"Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders among Occupational Drivers in Mubi, Nigeria","volume":"28","author":"Maduagwu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Saf. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130701220341","article-title":"Self-Reported Musculoskeletal Problems amongst Professional Truck Drivers","volume":"50","author":"Robb","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-6870(95)95749-P","article-title":"Climatic Stress in the Workplace. Its Effect on Thermoregulatory Responses and Muscle Fatigue in Female Workers","volume":"26","author":"Chad","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.5958\/0973-5674.2016.00141.6","article-title":"A Study of Neck Pain and Role of Scapular Position in Drivers","volume":"10","author":"Selvam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Physiother. Occup. Ther. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqn072","article-title":"Prevalence of Self-Reported Musculoskeletal Symptoms Among Office Workers","volume":"58","author":"Janwantanakul","year":"2008","journal-title":"Occup. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"26","article-title":"The Relationship of Forward Head Posture and Rounded Shoulders with Neck Pain in Iranian Office Workers","volume":"28","author":"Nejati","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. J. Islam. Repub. Iran"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.58.3.200","article-title":"Are Neck Flexion, Neck Rotation, and Sitting at Work Risk Factors for Neck Pain? Results of a Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"58","author":"Bongers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.15280\/jlm.2017.7.2.69","article-title":"Adverse Effects of Prolonged Sitting Behavior on the General Health of Office Workers","volume":"7","author":"Daneshmandi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Lifestyle Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20220259","article-title":"Prevalence of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorder in Sitting Professionals","volume":"9","author":"Arora","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Community Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4314\/esa.v28i2.3","article-title":"An Investigation of Posture and Manual Materials Handling as Risk Factors for Low Back Pain in Delivery Drivers","volume":"28","author":"Okunribido","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ergon. SA"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herquelot, E., Bodin, J., Petit, A., Ha, C., Leclerc, A., Goldberg, M., Zins, M., Roquelaure, Y., and Descatha, A. (2014). Long-Term Persistence of Knee Pain and Occupational Exposure in Two Large Prospective Cohorts of Workers. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-15-411"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"771","article-title":"Low Back Disability and Long Distance Travelling; A Study Among Truck Drives","volume":"24","author":"Rehman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. King Edw. Med. Univ. Lahore Pak."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yabe, Y., Hagiwara, Y., Sekiguchi, T., Sugawara, Y., Tsuchiya, M., Yoshida, S., and Tsuji, I. (2022). Sleep Disturbance Is Associated with Neck Pain: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study after the Great East Japan Earthquake. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-05410-w"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, G., Ahmad, S., Mallick, Z., Khan, Z.A., James, A.T., Asjad, M., Badruddin, I.A., Kamangar, S., Javed, S., and Mohammed, A.A. (2022). Risk Factors Assessment of Musculoskeletal Disorders among Professional Vehicle Drivers in India Using an Ordinal Priority Approach. Mathematics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/math10234492"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-023-03103-w","article-title":"Chronic Neck Pain Is Associated with Increased Mortality in Individuals with Osteoarthritis: Results from the NHANES Database Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.85B1.13389","article-title":"The Knee Spine Syndrome. Association between Lumbar Lordosis and Extension of the Knee","volume":"85","author":"Murata","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murase, K., Tabara, Y., Ito, H., Kobayashi, M., Takahashi, Y., Setoh, K., Kawaguchi, T., Muro, S., Kadotani, H., and Kosugi, S. (2015). Knee Pain and Low Back Pain Additively Disturb Sleep in the General Population: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Nagahama Study. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140058"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"16","article-title":"Ergonomic Training Reduces Musculoskeletal Disorders among Office Workers: Results from the 6-Month Follow-Up","volume":"18","author":"Mahmud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malays. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130701743433","article-title":"Does Musculoskeletal Discomfort at Work Predict Future Musculoskeletal Pain?","volume":"51","author":"Blatter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2014.09.003","article-title":"The Relationship between Physical Load and Musculoskeletal Complaints among Brazilian Dentists","volume":"47","author":"Dantas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."}],"container-title":["Healthcare"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9032\/12\/24\/2560\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:55:32Z","timestamp":1760115332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9032\/12\/24\/2560"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["healthcare12242560"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare12242560","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9032"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9032","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]}}}