{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T03:12:30Z","timestamp":1768014750757,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Healthcare"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Orthostatic intolerance is highly prevalent in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME\/CFS) and is caused by an abnormal reduction in cerebral blood flow (CBF). In healthy controls (HCs), the regulation of CBF is complex and cardiac output (CO) is an important determinant of CBF: a review showed that a 30% reduction in CO results in a 10% reduction in CBF. In previous and separate ME\/CFS studies, we showed that CO and CBF decreased to a similar extent during tilt testing. The aim of the study: to test the relationship between CBF and CO, which seems to be abnormal in ME\/CFS patients and is different from that in HCs. Methods: In this retrospective study we analyzed this relationship in a large group of patients. To compare the patient data with those of HCs, we focused on patients with a normal heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) response to upright tilt. Also, the influence of clinical data was analyzed. A total of 534 ME\/CFS patients and 49 HCs underwent tilt testing with measurements of HR, BP, CBF, CO, and end-tidal PCO2. To measure CBF, extracranial Doppler flow velocity and vessel diameters were obtained using a GE echo system. The same device was used to measure suprasternal aortic flow velocities. End-tidal PCO2 was recorded using a Nonin Lifesense device. Results: In 46 (9%) patients, CO and CBF changes were in the normal range for HCs, and in 488 (91%) an abnormal CO and CBF reduction was found. In patients with abnormal CO and CBF reductions, the slope of the regression line of CO versus CBF reduction was almost 1. The multiple regression analysis of the latter group showed that the CO reduction for the most part predicted the CBF reduction, with a limited role for the PETCO2 reduction. Conclusions: Two different patient groups with a normal HR and BP response during the tilt were identified: those with a CO and CBF in the normal range for HCs and those with an abnormal CO and CBF reduction during the tilt (91% of patients). In the latter group of patients, an almost 1:1 relationship between the CO and CBF reduction suggests the absence of compensatory vasodilation in the cerebral vasculature. This might indicate endothelial dysfunction in most ME\/CFS patients and may have clinical and therapeutic implications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12242566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]],"date-time":"2024-12-20T04:07:40Z","timestamp":1734667660000},"page":"2566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Cardiac Output\u2013Cerebral Blood Flow Relationship Is Abnormal in Most Myalgic Encephalomyelitis\/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients with a Normal Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Response During a Tilt Test"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2570-0914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C (Linda) M. C.","family":"van Campen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stichting Cardio Zorg, Kraayveld 5, 1171 JE Badhoevedorp, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5831-6951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Freek W. A.","family":"Verheugt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis (OLVG), 1091 AC Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3586-2677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter C.","family":"Rowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frans C.","family":"Visser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stichting Cardio Zorg, Kraayveld 5, 1171 JE Badhoevedorp, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Institute of Medicine (IOM) (2015). 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