{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:37:59Z","timestamp":1787240279849,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Healthcare"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Age-related declines in respiratory muscle strength and ventilatory efficiency can impair functional capacity and metabolic health in older adults. Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) has been proposed as a practical intervention to counteract these changes, yet its systemic effects remain unclear. This study aimed to examine the effects of short-term IMT on functional capacity, diaphragm thickness, and liver tissue characteristics in healthy elderly men. Methods: Thirty community-dwelling men aged 60\u201380 years were randomly assigned to an IMT or control group. The IMT group performed four weeks of breathing exercises using a POWERbreathe\u00ae device at 40% of maximal inspiratory pressure, with a weekly 10% increase in pressure. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included the six-minute walk test (6MWT), diaphragm thickness and liver density via computed tomography, and quality of life (QoL; SF-12). Results: Four weeks of inspiratory muscle training significantly improved diaphragm thickness (11.7%), fatty liver density (FLD) (+16.7%), and six-minute walk performance (+5.3%), with large time \u00d7 group effects favoring the IMT group. While the physical quality of life showed modest, comparable improvements, mental health outcomes demonstrated a moderate, time-dependent improvement without a significant group-by-time interaction. Conclusions: Short-term IMT improved diaphragmatic function and functional capacity in older men and was associated with favorable changes in a liver-related biomarker; however, given that only a single liver-related metric was assessed, these findings should not be interpreted as evidence of overall improvements in liver health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare14020249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T08:36:33Z","timestamp":1768898193000},"page":"249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Short-Term Inspiratory Muscle Training Enhances Functional and Metabolic Health in Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5231-260X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erkan","family":"Konca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Sciences, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2826-1566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Co\u015fkun","family":"Y\u0131lmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kelkit Ayd\u0131n Do\u011fan Vocational School, G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane University, G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane 29600, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2166-6675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serdar","family":"Bayrakdaro\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Sciences, G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane University, G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane 29100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2214-4667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halil \u0130brahim","family":"Ceylan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sports Sciences, Atat\u00fcrk University, Erzurum 25100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayla","family":"Arslan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, A\u011fr\u0131 Ibrahim Cecen University, A\u011fr\u0131 04100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hakan","family":"Ocak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, A\u011fr\u0131 Ibrahim Cecen University, A\u011fr\u0131 04100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0673-4796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0130zzet","family":"Karakulak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Sciences, Mardin Artuklu University, Mardin 47100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rifat","family":"Sar\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Sciences, Tokat Gaziosmanpa\u015fa University, Tokat 62050, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Recep Nur","family":"Uzun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yasar Do\u011fu Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun 55100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hakan H\u00fcseyin","family":"Soylu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, Kelkit District State Hospital, Gumushane Provincial Health Directorate, G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane 29600, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3045-1211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Levent","family":"Ceylan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hitit University, \u00c7orum 19030, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4615-6687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul Ioan","family":"Muntean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, University \u201c1 Decembrie 1918\u201d of Alba Iulia, 510009 Alba Iulia, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2024.104278","article-title":"Effects of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Thoracoabdominal Volume Regulation in Older Adults: A Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"326","author":"Manifield","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir. 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