{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T09:38:48Z","timestamp":1793353128126,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Healthcare"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Artificial intelligence (AI) is entering clinical dentistry more quickly than the professional, ethical, and regulatory frameworks intended to govern it. Responsible implementation depends not only on diagnostic performance but on trust, professional autonomy, and clear accountability\u2014dimensions rarely examined across the different stakeholder groups who shape dental care. This study assessed perceptions of trustworthy AI, accountability, and regulatory preparedness among dental and non-dental stakeholders in Romania. Methods: A multidisciplinary cross-sectional survey using purposive, non-probability sampling, reported in accordance with the CROSS guideline, was administered to dental professionals, legal professionals, forensic physicians, and other healthcare stakeholders. The instrument addressed AI literacy, governance and accountability, ethics and transparency, and clinical implementation. Responses were compared across professional groups using chi-square and Kruskal\u2013Wallis tests with Benjamini\u2013Hochberg or Holm correction, and the questionnaire structure was examined through an exploratory psychometric assessment. Of 304 submissions, 287 were retained for analysis. Results: Agreement on ethical and governance safeguards was high (84\u201391%), including testing on diverse populations, independent auditing, and patient disclosure. Between-group differences concentrated in AI awareness, literacy, and educational exposure, as well as in governance and accountability, whereas ethics and transparency items showed broad consensus. Respondents attributed responsibility for AI-related outcomes to clinicians (77.4%), developers (49.5%), and healthcare institutions (28.3%). Only a minority reported AI Act awareness (32.8%) or previous participation in AI-related courses or conferences (25.2%). Conclusions: Romanian stakeholders included in this multidisciplinary sample share strong normative expectations for trustworthy clinical AI but report limited regulatory awareness and educational exposure. These findings support the development of structured AI preparedness initiatives and clearer governance frameworks reflecting stakeholders\u2019 perceptions of responsibility as extending across clinicians, developers, and healthcare institutions. Professional certification before clinical AI use emerged as a specific stakeholder preference.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare14183003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T09:34:01Z","timestamp":1789378441000},"page":"3003","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Responsible Clinical AI in Dentistry: Trust, Professional Autonomy, and Perceptions of Accountability Across Stakeholders in Romania\u2014A Multidisciplinary Cross-Sectional Survey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1461-7320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara","family":"Mihut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2402-8772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihaela","family":"Pantea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 19 Plevnei Ave., 010221 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4521-1341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Razvan Daniel","family":"Chivu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Midwifery and Nursing, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5222-2540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana-Maria","family":"Popescu-Spineni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Midwifery and Nursing, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Anthropology, \u201cFrancisc Reiner\u201d Institute of Anthropology of the Romanian Academy, 050711 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6635-6091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corina Marilena","family":"Cristache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Techniques, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8, Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9751564","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9751564","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence Techniques: Analysis, Application, and Outcome in Dentistry\u2014A Systematic Review","volume":"2021","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"BioMed Res. 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