{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T14:03:54Z","timestamp":1781791434947,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Vicerrectorado para los Alumnos y Acci\u00f3n Social, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valencia San Vicente M\u00e1rtir","award":["Cooperaci\u00f3n universitaria al desarrollo 2021 (TFM)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Cooperaci\u00f3n universitaria al desarrollo 2021 (TFM)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Healthcare"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Migrants and refugees need international protection, particularly during a crisis such as the current health pandemic. The aim of this research was to examine the mental health and attitudes towards COVID-19 in migrants and refugees compared to the general Spanish population. Moreover, the nature of resilience was examined as a mixed component though life experiences. For this proposal, an interview was carried out in a sample of 245 participants who volunteered to participate in the study. The sample was divided into Spanish non-migrants, Spanish migrants, non-Spanish migrants and refugees. Attitudes towards COVID-19, resilience (based on BRCS) and mental health (based on DASS-21) were measured. The results obtained can be described as follows: (i) Migrant participants indicated worse mental health than non-migrants, and within the migrant group, refugees presented worse scores; (ii) No differences were found in attitudes towards COVID-19 in any of the subgroups; (iii) A moderating effect of group was found for the relationship between resilience and mental health but not between resilience and fear of COVID-19. These results might be of great interest in making visible the vulnerability of migrants and specifically refugees, and the proposal of intervention programs based on resilience training.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9091131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T11:01:37Z","timestamp":1630321297000},"page":"1131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["The Role of Resilience for Migrants and Refugees\u2019 Mental Health in Times of COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1365-6650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Sol\u00e0-Sales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mind, Emotion and Behavioural Research Laboratory (MEB Lab), Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valencia San Vicente M\u00e1rtir, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"P\u00e9rez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mind, Emotion and Behavioural Research Laboratory (MEB Lab), Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valencia San Vicente M\u00e1rtir, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1890-9901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Van Hoey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mind, Emotion and Behavioural Research Laboratory (MEB Lab), Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valencia San Vicente M\u00e1rtir, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Iborra-Marmolejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mind, Emotion and Behavioural Research Laboratory (MEB Lab), Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valencia San Vicente M\u00e1rtir, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Beneyto-Arrojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mind, Emotion and Behavioural Research Laboratory (MEB Lab), Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valencia San Vicente M\u00e1rtir, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2867-9399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Moret-Tatay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mind, Emotion and Behavioural Research Laboratory (MEB Lab), Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valencia San Vicente M\u00e1rtir, 46100 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Dipartamento di Neuroscienze, Salute Mentale e Organi di Senso (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psycology, Universit\u00e0 Sapienza di Rome, 00187 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, H., Nie, P., and Qian, L. (2020). Do Quarantine Experiences and Attitudes Towards COVID-19 Affect the Distribution of Mental Health in China? A Quantile Regression Analysis. Appl. Res. Qual. Life, 1\u201318.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11482-020-09851-0"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valeriani, G., Sarajlic Vukovic, I., Lindegaard, T., Felizia, R., Mollica, R., and Andersson, G. (2020). Addressing Healthcare Gaps in Sweden during the COVID-19 Outbreak: On Community Outreach and Empowering Ethnic Minority Groups in a Digitalized Context. Healthcare, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare8040445"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, M.S., Feyissa, I.F., and Suk, S.-W. (2021). Panic and Trust during COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study on Immigrants in South Korea. Healthcare, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9020199"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2020.03.009","article-title":"Migrations, Trauma and Mental Health: A Literature Update on Psychological Assessment","volume":"46","author":"Brunnet","year":"2020","journal-title":"L\u2019Enc\u00e9phale"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zlotnick, C., Dryjanska, L., and Suckerman, S. (2021). Health Literacy, Resilience and Perceived Stress of Migrants in Israel during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Psychol. Health, 1\u201317.","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2021.1921177"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siqueira, C.A.d.S., de Freitas, Y.N.L., Cancela, M.d.C., Carvalho, M., Oliveras-Fabregas, A., and de Souza, D.L.B. (2020). The Effect of Lockdown on the Outcomes of COVID-19 in Spain: An Ecological Study. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236779"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627018","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.627018","article-title":"Personality and Attitudes Confronting Death Awareness During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Italy and Spain","volume":"12","author":"Murphy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/S0415-6412(16)30046-7","article-title":"Are mindfulness and self-compassion associated with sleep and resilience in health professionals?","volume":"59","author":"Cramer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dtsch. Z. F\u00fcr Akupunkt."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2010.07.157","article-title":"Resilience, Vulnerability and Mental Health","volume":"5","author":"Haddadi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1971(02)00118-5","article-title":"Adolescent Resilience: A Concept Analysis","volume":"26","author":"Olsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0651-y","article-title":"Modelling Resilience in Adolescence and Adversity: A Novel Framework to Inform Research and Practice","volume":"9","author":"Malhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2019.109905","article-title":"War Trauma Exposed Refugees and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: The Moderating Role of Trait Resilience","volume":"129","author":"Fino","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejon.2020.101727","article-title":"State or Trait? Measuring Resilience by Generalisability Theory in Breast Cancer","volume":"46","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oncol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2016.07.005","article-title":"Top-down Assessment of Disaster Resilience: A Conceptual Framework Using Coping and Adaptive Capacities","volume":"19","author":"Parsons","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641213","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.641213","article-title":"An Italian Adaptation of the Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS) and Attitudes during the Covid-19 Outbreak","volume":"12","author":"Murphy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00997","article-title":"Trauma, Resilience, and Mental Health in Migrant and Non-Migrant Youth: An International Cross-Sectional Study Across Six Countries","volume":"10","author":"Gatt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648498","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.648498","article-title":"The Relationship of Fear of Death between Neuroticism and Anxiety during the Covid-19 Pandemic","volume":"12","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.107.3.520","article-title":"Long-Term Stability of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Syndromes","volume":"107","author":"Lovibond","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016014818163","article-title":"The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21: Spanish translation and validation with a Hispanic sample","volume":"24","author":"Daza","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104-11692006000600006","article-title":"Adaptation to Portuguese of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS)","volume":"14","author":"Mendes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Lat. Am. Enfermagem"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1011095624717","article-title":"Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scales in Depressed and Anxious Patients","volume":"23","author":"Clara","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.6018\/analesps.31.3.188401","article-title":"Psychometric Properties and Factor Structure of the BRCS in an Elderly Spanish Sample","volume":"31","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Psicol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191103258144","article-title":"The Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Brief Resilient Coping Scale","volume":"11","author":"Sinclair","year":"2004","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30718-2","article-title":"Venezuelan Migrants \u201cStruggling to Survive\u201d amid COVID-19","volume":"395","author":"Daniels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2018.05.006","article-title":"Acculturation, Resilience, and the Mental Health of Migrant Youth: A Cross-Country Comparative Study","volume":"162","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764020954257","article-title":"Safe but Isolated\u2014An Interview Study with Iraqi Refugees in Sweden about Social Networks, Social Support, and Mental Health","volume":"67","author":"Sundvall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.719","article-title":"The Relationship between Resilience and Levels of Anxiety, Depression, and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Adolescents","volume":"18","author":"Hjemdal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Psychother."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1037\/spq0000271","article-title":"Contribution of Schools to Mental Health and Resilience in Recently Immigrated Youth","volume":"34","author":"Venta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sch. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1111\/aphw.12211","article-title":"Resilience, Social Support, and Coping as Mediators between COVID-19-related Stressful Experiences and Acute Stress Disorder among College Students in China","volume":"12","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Psychol. Health Well-Being"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-3-20","article-title":"The Efficacy of Resilience Training Programs: A Systematic Review Protocol","volume":"3","author":"Leppin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1037\/gpr0000152","article-title":"Building Resilience: The Conceptual Basis and Research Evidence for Resilience Training Programs","volume":"22","author":"Forbes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Gen. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima, M.P., Moret-Tatay, C., and Irigaray, T.Q. (2021). Locus of Control, Personality and Depression Symptoms in Cancer: Testing a Moderated Mediation Model. Clin. Psychol. Psychother.","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2604"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2403","article-title":"Entrapment, Positive Psychological Functioning and Suicide Ideation: A Moderation Analysis","volume":"27","author":"Teismann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Psychother."}],"container-title":["Healthcare"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9032\/9\/9\/1131\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:55:59Z","timestamp":1760165759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-9032\/9\/9\/1131"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["healthcare9091131"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare9091131","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-9032"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-9032","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]}}}