{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T17:18:19Z","timestamp":1791047899035,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":192,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R24 GM136986"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R24 GM136986"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1F30HL149327"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1F30HL149327"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIGMS Center for Integrative Biomedical Computing"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIGMS Center for Integrative Biomedical Computing"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Nora Eccles Treadwell Foundation for Cardiovascular Research","award":["Treadwell Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Treadwell Grant"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRFP"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRFP"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hearts"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Body surface potential mapping (BSPM) is a noninvasive modality to assess cardiac bioelectric activity with a rich history of practical applications for both research and clinical investigation. BSPM provides comprehensive acquisition of bioelectric signals across the entire thorax, allowing for more complex and extensive analysis than the standard electrocardiogram (ECG). Despite its advantages, BSPM is not a common clinical tool. BSPM does, however, serve as a valuable research tool and as an input for other modes of analysis such as electrocardiographic imaging and, more recently, machine learning and artificial intelligence. In this report, we examine contemporary uses of BSPM, and provide an assessment of its future prospects in both clinical and research environments. We assess the state of the art of BSPM implementations and explore modern applications of advanced modeling and statistical analysis of BSPM data. We predict that BSPM will continue to be a valuable research tool, and will find clinical utility at the intersection of computational modeling approaches and artificial intelligence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/hearts2040040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,7]],"date-time":"2021-11-07T20:42:54Z","timestamp":1636317774000},"page":"514-542","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Body Surface Potential Mapping: Contemporary Applications and Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4586-6911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jake","family":"Bergquist","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"},{"name":"Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"},{"name":"Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Rupp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"},{"name":"Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"},{"name":"Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0039-9184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Zenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"},{"name":"Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"},{"name":"Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1603-6406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Brundage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3577-460X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Busatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"},{"name":"Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob S.","family":"MacLeod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"},{"name":"Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"},{"name":"Nora Eccles Harrison Cardiovascular Research and Training Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Nelson, C., and Geselowitz, D. 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