{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T15:24:55Z","timestamp":1791645895279,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hematology Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ocular complications can occur in up to 90% of patients with blood malignancies. Such complications range from direct infiltration to local hemostatic imbalance and treatment-related toxicity. This narrative review is based on a systematic computerized search of the literature conducted until January 2024 and examines the common ocular complications associated with blood cancers. Ocular complications from primary disease include mass effects from ocular adnexal lymphomas and intraocular lymphomas, with B-cell lymphomas accounting for 95% of primary ocular presentations. Secondary disease involvement from systemic hematological malignancies can lead to a wide range of ocular manifestations, such as leukemic retinopathy. Furthermore, toxicity from antineoplastic therapies and ocular graft versus host disease (oGVHD) after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation present additional risks to ocular health. In conclusion, ocular complications in blood cancer patients are an integral part of patient management, requiring regular ophthalmic evaluations and close collaboration between oncologists and ophthalmologists. Advances in therapy and an increased focus on early symptom recognition are essential for preserving vision and enhancing patient quality of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/hematolrep16020020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T13:20:53Z","timestamp":1711632053000},"page":"193-203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Ophthalmic Manifestations in Patients with Blood Malignancies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1094-7540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Costanza","family":"Rossi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Buizza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Alessio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5262-9765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Borselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Taloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriano","family":"Carnevali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Carnovale Scalzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1382-0828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Lucisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6826-7957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Scorcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2617-0289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Giannaccare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09123 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000309","article-title":"Ophthalmic manifestations of leukemia","volume":"27","author":"Talcott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700277","article-title":"The prevalence of ocular disease in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia","volume":"17","author":"Buchan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6701308","article-title":"Ophthalmic manifestations of acute leukaemias: The ophthalmologist\u2019s role","volume":"18","author":"Sharma","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04301-6","article-title":"Ocular surface system alterations in ocular graft-versus-host disease: All the pieces of the complex puzzle","volume":"257","author":"Giannaccare","year":"2019","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2018.08.002","article-title":"Orbital lymphoma","volume":"64","author":"Olsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-019-0146-1","article-title":"Classification, diagnosis, and management of conjunctival lymphoma","volume":"6","author":"Tanenbaum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eye Vis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1177\/107327481602300204","article-title":"Primary Vitreoretinal Lymphoma: Management of Isolated Ocular Disease","volume":"23","author":"Witmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1808","article-title":"Incidence of orbital, conjunctival and lacrimal gland malignant tumors in USA from Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results, 1973\u20132009","volume":"9","author":"Hassan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1159\/000519032","article-title":"Ophthalmic Manifestations of Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Review","volume":"7","author":"Valenzuela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul. Oncol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.11.002","article-title":"Orbital Lymphoma\u2014An International Multicenter Retrospective Study","volume":"199","author":"Olsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"WHO (2009). WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, WHO."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2011.03.050","article-title":"Localized Orbital Mucosa-Associated Lymphoma Tissue Lymphoma Managed with Primary Radiation Therapy: Efficacy and Toxicity","volume":"81","author":"Goda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0000000000000229","article-title":"Radiotherapy in the Management of Orbital Lymphoma","volume":"41","author":"Kharod","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Oncol. Cancer Clin. Trials"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.18590","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of patients with limited-stage ocular adnexal DLBCL treated with combined modality therapy in the rituximab era","volume":"200","author":"Qualls","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-07-795302","article-title":"Long-term results of a phase 2 study of rituximab and bendamustine for mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma","volume":"130","author":"Salar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2016.70.6994","article-title":"Final results of the IELSG-19 randomized trial of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma: Improved event-free and progression-free survival with rituximab plus chlorambucil versus either chlorambucil or rituximab monotherapy","volume":"35","author":"Zucca","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020008235","article-title":"Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma: A diagnostic and management challenge","volume":"138","author":"Soussain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V128.22.926.926","article-title":"The French LOC Network for Primary CNS Lymphoma (PCNSL) Patients: What Can We Learn from a Large National Database?","volume":"128","author":"Soussain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.569","article-title":"Vitreoretinal lymphoma: A 20-year review of incidence, clinical and cytologic features, treatment, and outcomes","volume":"131","author":"Levasseur","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000255","article-title":"Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma: An update on pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"27","author":"Reichstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjopt.2018.12.008","article-title":"Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma","volume":"33","author":"Kalogeropoulos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2011-0210","article-title":"Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma: A report from an International Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma Collaborative Group symposium","volume":"16","author":"Chan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2013.12.001","article-title":"Primary intraocular lymphoma","volume":"59","author":"Sagoo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2008.01843.x","article-title":"Understanding intraocular lymphomas","volume":"36","author":"Coupland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(01)00217-X","article-title":"Variations in the presentation of primary intraocular lymphoma: Case reports and a review","volume":"45","author":"Gill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2020.1800050","article-title":"Optic Nerve Infiltration in Systemic Metastatic Retinal Lymphoma (SMRL): Multimodal Imaging and Challenges in Diagnosis","volume":"29","author":"Tumian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.037","article-title":"ISOLD: A New Highly Sensitive Interleukin Score for Intraocular Lymphoma Diagnosis","volume":"123","author":"Costopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, X., Li, B., You, Q., and Peng, X. (2015). Primary extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma with diffuse uveal involvement and focal infiltration of the trabecular meshwork: A case report and review of literature. BMC Ophthalmol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-015-0038-7"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2020.06.003","article-title":"Iris lymphoma\u2014A systematic guide for diagnosis and treatment","volume":"66","author":"Kakkassery","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.06.046","article-title":"Choroidal lymphoma: Clinical features and association with systemic lymphoma","volume":"121","author":"Mashayekhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2019.10.008","article-title":"Large B-cell lymphoma of the uvea: Histopathologic variants and clinicopathologic correlation","volume":"65","author":"Valenzuela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2003.05.036","article-title":"Waldenstr\u00f6m\u2019s macroglobulinemia-associated retinopathy","volume":"111","author":"Sen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000002314","article-title":"Orbital Involvement in Multiple Myeloma","volume":"39","author":"Shoji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0b013e3181776bde","article-title":"Beh\u00e7et disease associated with myelodysplastic syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2007.03.014","article-title":"Isolated monocular visual loss as an initial manifestation of polycythemia vera","volume":"258","author":"Ahn","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0000000000000264","article-title":"Ocular Manifestations of Primary Myelofibrosis","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retin. Cases Brief. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S342720","article-title":"Early Ophthalmological Manifestations of Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Current Perspectives","volume":"16","author":"Hage","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2018.11.017","article-title":"Ocular manifestations in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A five-year cohort study of pediatric patients","volume":"76","author":"Freire","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1159\/000073077","article-title":"Ocular involvement in leukemia\u2014A study of 288 cases","volume":"217","author":"Reddy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1159\/000450858","article-title":"Extramedullary Relapse of Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Presenting as a Large Serous Retinal Detachment","volume":"3","author":"Green","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. Oncol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210801800420","article-title":"Orbital and ocular manifestations of acute childhood leukemia: Clinical and statistical analysis of 180 patients","volume":"18","author":"Russo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58654-8","article-title":"Ocular Manifestations of Leukemia and Results of Treatment with Intravitreal Methotrexate","volume":"10","author":"Lekach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1600-0420.2003.00197.x","article-title":"Retinopathy in acute leukaemia at initial diagnosis: Correlation of fundus lesions and haematological parameters","volume":"82","author":"Reddy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_627_18","article-title":"Leukostasis retinopathy: An uncommon visual threatening complication of chronic myeloid leukemia with severe hyperleukocytosis\u2014A case report and review of the literature","volume":"66","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.4.576","article-title":"Chronic myelogenous leukemia manifested as bilateral proliferative retinopathy","volume":"123","author":"Mandava","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1159\/000439375","article-title":"A 25-Year-Old Man with Exudative Retinal Detachments and Infiltrates without Hematological or Neurological Findings Found to Have Relapsed Precursor T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia","volume":"6","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Case Rep. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-017-0562-y","article-title":"Leukemic retinopathy and foveal infiltrates","volume":"38","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP116","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672120930679","article-title":"Leukostasis retinopathy with leukemic infiltrates as onset manifestation of chronic myeloid leukemia: A case report","volume":"31","author":"Vicini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3425","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S365648","article-title":"Ophthalmic Manifestations of Newly Diagnosed Acute Leukemia Patients in a Tunisian Cohort","volume":"16","author":"Sayadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2021.101142","article-title":"Serous retinal detachment as a presenting sign of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A case report and literature review","volume":"23","author":"Callaway","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1159\/000442951","article-title":"Unilateral Eye Findings: A Rare Herald of Acute Leukemia","volume":"2","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocul. Oncol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700701","article-title":"Leukaemic infiltration of the optic nerve as the initial manifestation of leukaemic relapse","volume":"18","author":"Lin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"100391","article-title":"Leukemic infiltration of the optic nerve in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A case report and review of literature","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Leuk. Res. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1","article-title":"Acute lymphoblastic leukemia relapse presenting with optic nerve infiltration","volume":"11","author":"Dini","year":"2023","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"e25625","article-title":"Isolated Infiltrative Optic Neuropathy in an Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Relapse","volume":"14","author":"Kuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e796","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001365","article-title":"Leukemic and Lymphomatous Optic Neuropathy: A Case Series","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197910)44:4<1511::AID-CNCR2820440449>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Leukemic iritis with hypopyon","volume":"44","author":"Gruenewald","year":"1979","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.12.014","article-title":"Iris Infiltration as a Sign of Relapse in a Child with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia","volume":"128","author":"Ploysangam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2021.102578","article-title":"Anterior segment optical coherence tomography findings in leukemic iris infiltration","volume":"37","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2022.101670","article-title":"Conjunctival chronic lymphocytic leukemia presenting as bilateral chronic conjunctivitis","volume":"27","author":"Hakim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(73)90013-5","article-title":"Corneal ring ulcer as the presenting manifestation of acute monocytic leukemia","volume":"76","author":"Wood","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2010.036152","article-title":"Chronic lymphocytic leukemia and autoimmunity: A systematic review","volume":"96","author":"Hodgson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"1739","article-title":"Anterior segment ischemia: Classification and description in chronic myelogenous leukemia","volume":"11","author":"Cullis","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1177\/107327480401100502","article-title":"Intraocular lymphoma: Update on diagnosis and management","volume":"11","author":"Chan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-005-0138-9","article-title":"Intraocular lymphoma 2000\u20132005: Results of a retrospective multicentre trial","volume":"244","author":"Jahnke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2012.02811.x","article-title":"Iris involvement by lymphoma: A review of 13 cases","volume":"41","author":"Mashayekhi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1038\/s41409-018-0090-z","article-title":"Ocular findings and ocular graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic stem cell transplantation without total body irradiation","volume":"53","author":"Pathak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318226bf97","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of ocular chronic graft-versus-host disease: Report from the German-Austrian-Swiss Consensus Conference on Clinical Practice in chronic GVHD","volume":"31","author":"Cursiefen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"351","article-title":"Ocular graft versus host disease following allogeneic stem cell transplantation: A review of current knowledge and recommendations","volume":"8","author":"Nassiri","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmic Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtct.2021.06.001","article-title":"National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Project on Criteria for Clinical Trials in Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease: IV. The 2020 Highly morbid forms report","volume":"27","author":"Wolff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transplant. Cell. Ther."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0699","article-title":"Periductal area as the primary site for T-cell activation in lacrimal gland chronic graft-versus-host disease","volume":"44","author":"Ogawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"111","article-title":"A significant role of stromal fibroblasts in rapidly progressive dry eye in patients with chronic GVHD","volume":"42","author":"Ogawa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4519","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-0227","article-title":"Donor fibroblast chimerism in the pathogenic fibrotic lesion of human chronic graft-versus-host disease","volume":"46","author":"Ogawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.090318","article-title":"Epithelial mesenchymal transition in human ocular chronic graft-versus-host disease","volume":"175","author":"Ogawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092108","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1092108","article-title":"Recent advances in ocular graft-versus-host disease","volume":"14","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.10.1125","article-title":"Dry eye after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"83","author":"Ogawa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001585","article-title":"Meibomian Gland Dropout in Hematological Patients Before Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation","volume":"37","author":"Giannaccare","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000747","article-title":"Dry Eye Disease Is Already Present in Hematological Patients Before Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation","volume":"35","author":"Giannaccare","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3516","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073516","article-title":"Meibomian Gland Dysfunction in Ocular Graft vs. Host Disease: A Need for Pre-Clinical Models and Deeper Insights","volume":"22","author":"Steven","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2022.09.009","article-title":"Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: A Route of Ocular Graft-Versus-Host Disease Progression That Drives a Vicious Cycle of Ocular Surface Inflammatory Damage","volume":"247","author":"Perez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1989.01070020413046","article-title":"The eye in bone marrow transplantation. III. Conjunctival graft-vs-host disease","volume":"107","author":"Jabs","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"1492","article-title":"Conjunctival HLA-DR and CD8 expression detected by impression cytology in ocular graft versus host disease","volume":"19","author":"Eberwein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8253","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-10430","article-title":"Ocular surface extracellular DNA and nuclease activity imbalance: A new paradigm for inflammation in dry eye disease","volume":"53","author":"Sonawane","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2019.03.010","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) contribute to pathological changes of ocular graft-vs.-host disease (oGVHD) dry eye: Implications for novel biomarkers and therapeutic strategies","volume":"17","author":"An","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2011.89","article-title":"Mucosal microvilli in dry eye patients with chronic GVHD","volume":"47","author":"Tatematsu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.04.054","article-title":"Ocular findings after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"116","author":"Tabbara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.02.020","article-title":"Subtarsal Fibrosis Is Associated with Ocular Surface Epitheliopathy in Graft-Versus-Host Disease","volume":"189","author":"Kheirkhah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2016.04.003","article-title":"Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis-like Inflammation in Patients with Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease","volume":"14","author":"Sivaraman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4686","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20013","article-title":"In Vivo Confocal Microscopy in Dry Eye Disease Associated with Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease","volume":"57","author":"Kheirkhah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10720","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10237-w","article-title":"In Vivo Confocal Microscopy Evaluation of Ocular Surface with Graft-Versus-Host Disease-Related Dry Eye Disease","volume":"7","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2021.101224","article-title":"Corneal perforation in ocular graft-versus-host disease","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2014.12.001","article-title":"National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Project on Criteria for Clinical Trials in Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease: I. The 2014 Diagnosis and Staging Working Group report","volume":"21","author":"Jagasia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3419","DOI":"10.1038\/srep03419","article-title":"International Chronic Ocular Graft-vs-Host-Disease (GVHD) Consensus Group: Proposed diagnostic criteria for chronic GVHD (Part I)","volume":"3","author":"Ogawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2020.07.018","article-title":"Efficacy and retention of silicone punctal plugs for treatment of dry eye in patients with and without ocular graft-versus-host-disease","volume":"18","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(01)02729-8","article-title":"Primary radiotherapy for localized orbital MALT lymphoma","volume":"52","author":"Le","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8140(00)00328-5","article-title":"Orbital lymphoma: Radiotherapy outcome and complications","volume":"59","author":"Stafford","year":"2001","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2009.06.004","article-title":"Radiation therapy for orbital tumors: Concepts, current use, and ophthalmic radiation side effects","volume":"54","author":"Finger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200831020-00003","article-title":"Drug-induced ocular disorders","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1159\/000027462","article-title":"Cataract induced by short-term administration of large doses of busulfan: A case report","volume":"213","author":"Kaida","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"321","article-title":"Ocular lesions induced in infant rats by busulfan","volume":"30","author":"Saito","year":"2015","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24706","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000024706","article-title":"Bilateral optic neuropathy following vincristine chemotherapy: A case report with description of multimodal imaging findings","volume":"100","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27977","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.27977","article-title":"Corticosteroid-induced glaucoma in pediatric patients with hematological malignancies","volume":"66","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181d20589","article-title":"Rapid vision loss associated with fludarabine administration","volume":"30","author":"Bishop","year":"2010","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1586\/17469899.3.1.97","article-title":"Ocular toxicity of fludarabine: A purine analog","volume":"3","author":"Ding","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1097\/01.icu.0000143688.45232.15","article-title":"Drug-induced corneal complications","volume":"15","author":"Hollander","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-011-0912-x","article-title":"Prevention of cytarabine-induced kerato-conjunctivitis by eye rinse in patients receiving high-dose cytarabine and total body irradiation as a conditioning for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"94","author":"Mori","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2012.02518.x","article-title":"The ophthalmological complications of targeted agents in cancer therapy: What do we need to know as ophthalmologists?","volume":"91","author":"Ho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Houadj, L., Wu, K.Y., and Tran, S.D. (2024). Diagnosing and Managing Uveitis Associated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Review. Diagnostics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14030336"}],"container-title":["Hematology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2038-8330\/16\/2\/20\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:20:04Z","timestamp":1760106004000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2038-8330\/16\/2\/20"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["hematolrep16020020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/hematolrep16020020","relation":{},"ISSN":["2038-8330"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2038-8330","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]}}}