{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T16:40:01Z","timestamp":1772037601391,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,29]],"date-time":"2024-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hematology Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study investigated the impact of COVID-19 on patients with sickle cell crisis (SCC) using National Inpatient Sample (NIS) data for the year 2020. Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted utilizing International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) codes to identify adults who were admitted with a principal diagnosis of sickle cell crisis. The primary outcomes examined were inpatient mortality, while the secondary outcomes assessed included morbidity, hospital length of stay, and resource utilization. Analyses were conducted with STATA. Multivariate logistic and linear regression analyses were used to adjust for confounding variables. Results: Of 66,415 adult patients with a primary SCC diagnosis, 875 were identified with a secondary diagnosis of COVID-19 infection. Unadjusted mortality rate was higher for SCC patients with COVID-19 (2.28%) compared to those without (0.33%), with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 8.49 (p = 0.001). They also showed increased odds of developing acute respiratory failure (aOR = 2.37, p = 0.003) and acute kidney injury requiring dialysis (aOR = 8.66, p = 0.034). Additionally, these patients had longer hospital stays by an adjusted mean of 3.30 days (p &lt; 0.001) and incurred higher hospitalization charges by an adjusted mean of USD 35,578 (p = 0.005). Conclusions: The SCC patients with COVID-19 presented higher mortality rates, increased morbidity indicators, longer hospital stays, and substantial economic burdens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/hematolrep16030041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T08:45:34Z","timestamp":1719996334000},"page":"421-430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Double Trouble: COVID-19 Infection Exacerbates Sickle Cell Crisis Outcomes in Hospitalized Patients\u2014Insights from National Inpatient Sample 2020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1203-2766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zubair Hassan","family":"Bodla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal medicine, Graduate Medical Education, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida (UCF), Orlando, FL 32827, USA"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Residency Program, HCA Florida North Florida Hospital, Gainesville, FL 33328, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariam","family":"Hashmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal medicine, Graduate Medical Education, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida (UCF), Orlando, FL 32827, USA"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Residency Program, HCA Florida North Florida Hospital, Gainesville, FL 33328, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1773-6811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatima","family":"Niaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, King Edward Medical University, Lahore 54000, Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4405-6247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Austin B.","family":"Auyeung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal medicine, Graduate Medical Education, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida (UCF), Orlando, FL 32827, USA"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Residency Program, HCA Florida North Florida Hospital, Gainesville, FL 33328, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anuoluwa","family":"Oyetoran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal medicine, Graduate Medical Education, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida (UCF), Orlando, FL 32827, USA"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Residency Program, HCA Florida North Florida Hospital, Gainesville, FL 33328, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Jahanzeb","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Alabama, Montgomery, AL 36116, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Salman","family":"Faisal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farhan","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Monmouth Medical Center, Long Branch, NJ 07740, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4466-0839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdel-Rahman","family":"Zakieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal medicine, Graduate Medical Education, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida (UCF), Orlando, FL 32827, USA"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Residency Program, HCA Florida North Florida Hospital, Gainesville, FL 33328, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yvette","family":"Bazikian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal medicine, Graduate Medical Education, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida (UCF), Orlando, FL 32827, USA"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Residency Program, HCA Florida North Florida Hospital, Gainesville, FL 33328, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher L.","family":"Bray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal medicine, Graduate Medical Education, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida (UCF), Orlando, FL 32827, USA"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Residency Program, HCA Florida North Florida Hospital, Gainesville, FL 33328, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-12-615948","article-title":"Correction of the sickle cell disease mutation in human hematopoietic stem\/progenitor cells","volume":"125","author":"Hoban","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18010","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.10","article-title":"Sickle cell disease","volume":"4","author":"Kato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61029-X","article-title":"Sickle-cell disease","volume":"376","author":"Rees","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2020.08.009","article-title":"Trends in Sickle Cell Disease-Related Mortality in the United States, 1979 to 2017","volume":"76","author":"Payne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Darbari, D.S., Wang, Z., Kwak, M., Hildesheim, M., Nichols, J., Allen, D., Seamon, C., Peters-Lawrence, M., Conrey, A., and Hall, M.K. (2013). Severe painful vaso-occlusive crises and mortality in a contemporary adult sickle cell anemia cohort study. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079923"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30193-9","article-title":"Sickle cell disease","volume":"390","author":"Ware","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549211063518","article-title":"COVID-19 and Sickle Cell Disease-Related Deaths Reported in the United States","volume":"137","author":"Payne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public. Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100911","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait: A critical appraisal of the literature","volume":"53","author":"Hoogenboom","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7225","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S334043","article-title":"Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and COVID-19: A Literature Review","volume":"14","author":"Hussain","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2020.255398","article-title":"COVID-19 and sickle cell disease","volume":"105","author":"Menapace","year":"2020","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2023.2267921","article-title":"Independent predictors of mortality and 5-year trends in mortality and resource utilization in hospitalized patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma","volume":"37","author":"Bodla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bayl. Univ. Med. Cent. Proc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e632","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(20)30204-0","article-title":"Prognosis of patients with sickle cell disease and COVID-19: A French experience","volume":"7","author":"Arlet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2007.1.91","article-title":"Hypercoagulability in sickle cell disease: New approaches to an old problem","volume":"2007","author":"Ataga","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hematol. Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s40256-020-00431-z","article-title":"Current Overview on Hypercoagulability in COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"Singhania","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.20196","article-title":"Cytokine profile of sickle cell disease in Oman","volume":"77","author":"Pathare","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200006223422502","article-title":"Causes and outcomes of the acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease. National Acute Chest Syndrome Study Group","volume":"342","author":"Vichinsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.21952","article-title":"Reconstructing sickle cell disease: A data-based analysis of the \u201chyperhemolysis paradigm\u201d for pulmonary hypertension from the perspective of evidence-based medicine","volume":"86","author":"Hebbel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0311-8","article-title":"The trinity of COVID-19: Immunity, inflammation and intervention","volume":"20","author":"Tay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2015.8","article-title":"Sickle cell disease: Renal manifestations and mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Nath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-021-00452-0","article-title":"Pathophysiology of COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury","volume":"17","author":"Legrand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-023-05275-6","article-title":"Timing matters: An analysis of the relationship between red cell transfusion timing and hospitalization outcomes in sickle cell crisis patients using the National Inpatient Sample database","volume":"102","author":"Bodla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."}],"container-title":["Hematology Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2038-8330\/16\/3\/41\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:07:33Z","timestamp":1760108853000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2038-8330\/16\/3\/41"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,29]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["hematolrep16030041"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/hematolrep16030041","relation":{},"ISSN":["2038-8330"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2038-8330","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,29]]}}}