{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T23:55:27Z","timestamp":1780617327764,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hematology Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunization and antibodies formation against non-self antigens on red cells may occur after blood transfusion, pregnancies or other exposures. The RBC alloimmunization rate varies from 2% to 6% according to recent studies. The antibody screen is performed to identify or confirm the presence of antibodies in patient\u2019s serum or plasma, as a preoperative or pretransfusion test. The antibody identification process and major crossmatch are critical steps of risk management in transfusion medicine. The aim of this article is to describe a flow chart of the antibody identification. I report three educational examples of case studies associated with the negative direct antiglobulin test and clinically significant single and multiple alloantibodies using the gel method, Anti-M, Anti-c and Anti-E, Anti-Jka and Anti-s. Furthermore, I provide a critical analysis of the current literature on the topic. The flow chart of the antibody identification may simplify the process and possibly reduce errors in routine workflow.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/hematolrep16040077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T10:54:02Z","timestamp":1734432842000},"page":"815-824","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Alloantibody Identification: The Importance of Temperature, Strength Reaction and Enzymes\u2014A Practical Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0777-3631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Palma","family":"Manduzio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Department, Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, Policlinico Riuniti, Via Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniels, G. 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