{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:38:23Z","timestamp":1790872703993,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Hematology Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rare plasma cell disorders\u2014including IgD, IgE, and IgM multiple myeloma, non-secretory myeloma (NSMM), plasma cell leukemia (PCL), and heavy chain disease (HCD)\u2014are biologically heterogeneous and often present with atypical features and aggressive behavior. This review synthesizes current evidence on their epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Advances in proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents, and autologous transplantation have improved outcomes in select subtypes. However, challenges persist in distinguishing IgM myeloma from Waldenstr\u00f6m macroglobulinemia, monitoring non-secretory disease, and treating highly aggressive forms such as IgE myeloma and PCL. Standardized diagnostic criteria and prospective trials are essential to guide future management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/hematolrep17040031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T11:37:51Z","timestamp":1751283471000},"page":"31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Uncommon Entities, Uncommon Challenges: A Review of Rare Plasma Cell Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2105-1048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amr","family":"Hanbali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology and Cellular Therapy, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3878-9748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Alamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology and Cellular Therapy, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saud","family":"Alhayli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology and Cellular Therapy, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2017.08.001","article-title":"Diagnosis of Plasma Cell Dyscrasias and Monitoring of Minimal Residual Disease by Multiparametric Flow Cytometry","volume":"37","author":"Soh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. 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