{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:27:22Z","timestamp":1772252842804,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,23]],"date-time":"2018-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOD.ORD._\/2012\/SSA\/IMSS\/ISSSTE-CONACYT\/000000000181384."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOD.ORD._\/2012\/SSA\/IMSS\/ISSSTE-CONACYT\/000000000181384."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["High-Throughput"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Beta-lactam resistant bacteria, which are commonly resident in tertiary hospitals, have emerged as a worldwide health problem because of ready-to-eat vegetable intake. We aimed to characterize the genes that provide resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics in Enterobacteriaceae, isolated from five commercial salad brands for human consumption in Mexico City. In total, twenty-five samples were collected, grown in blood agar plates, and the bacteria were biochemistry identified and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done. The carried family genes were identified by endpoint PCR and the specific genes were confirmed with whole genome sequencing (WGS) by Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). Twelve positive cultures were identified and their microbiological distribution was as follows: 8.3% for Enterobacter aerogene (n = 1), 8.3% for Serratia fonticola (n = 1), 16.7% for Serratia marcesens (n = 2), 16.7% for Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 2), and 50% (n = 6) for Enterobacter cloacae. The endpoint PCR results showed 11 colonies positive for blaBIL (91.7%), 11 for blaSHV (91.7%), 11 for blaCTX (97.7%), 12 for blaDHA (100%), four for blaVIM (33.3%), two for blaOXA (16.7%), two for blaIMP (16.7%), one for blaKPC (8.3%), and one for blaTEM (8.3%) gen; all samples were negative for blaROB, blaCMY, blaP, blaCFX and blaLAP gene. The sequencing analysis revealed a specific genotype for Enterobacter cloacae (blaSHV-12, blaCTX-M-15, blaDHA-1, blaKPC-2); Serratia marcescens (blaSHV-1, blaCTX-M-3, blaDHA-1, blaVIM-2); Klebsiella pneumoniae (blaSHV-12, blaCTX-M-15, blaDHA-1); Serratia fonticola (blaSHV-12, blaVIM-1, blaDHA-1); and, Enterobacter aerogene (blaSHV-1, blaCTX-M-1, blaDHA-1, blaVIM-2, blaOXA-9). Our results indicate that beta-lactam-resistant bacteria have acquired integrons with a different number of genes that provide pan-resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, including penicillins, oxacillins, cefalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems, and imipenems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ht7040036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,23]],"date-time":"2018-11-23T12:20:28Z","timestamp":1542975628000},"page":"36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Characterization of Gene Families Encoding Beta-Lactamases of Gram-Negative Rods Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Vegetables in Mexico City"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1982-7329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosalino","family":"V\u00e1zquez-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CICSA Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Universidad An\u00e1huac Mexico Campus Norte, Huixquilucan, Estado de Mexico 52786, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Solano-G\u00e1lvez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Microbiolog\u00eda y Parasitolog\u00eda, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Mexico. Coyoac\u00e1n, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8041-9404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bertha A.","family":"Le\u00f3n-Ch\u00e1vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaciones Qu\u00edmico-Cl\u00ednicas, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Benemerita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, San Manuel, Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda R.","family":"Thompson-Bonilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Medicina Gen\u00f3mica, Hospital Regional \u201cPrimero de Octubre\u201d, ISSSTE, Av. Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional 1669, Lindavista, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de Mexico 07300, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tayde","family":"Guerrero-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Medicina Gen\u00f3mica, Hospital Regional \u201cPrimero de Octubre\u201d, ISSSTE, Av. Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional 1669, Lindavista, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de Mexico 07300, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"G\u00f3mez-Conde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud, Unidad M\u00e9dica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE), Hospital de Especialidades, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional General de Divisi\u00f3n \u201cManuel \u00c1vila Camacho\u201d, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Puebla 72090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Fong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Fisiolog\u00eda Biof\u00edsica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Estudios Avanzados, Av. Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de Mexico 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8083-9628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan A.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Barrios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Medicina Gen\u00f3mica, Hospital Regional \u201cPrimero de Octubre\u201d, ISSSTE, Av. Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional 1669, Lindavista, Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de Mexico 07300, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1080\/10408399409527668","article-title":"The microbiology of minimally processed fresh fruits and vegetables","volume":"34","author":"Carlin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. 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