{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T21:41:16Z","timestamp":1761514876249,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infectious Disease Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection primarily involves the respiratory system but has many noteworthy extra pulmonary manifestations as well. We write this review to highlight the basis of some pathophysiological mechanisms of COVID-19 infection-induced endocrine dysfunction. Different scientific databases and institutional websites were searched to collect and consolidate the most up-to-date data relating to COVID-19 infection and endocrine systems. Hypopituitarism, central diabetes insipidus, SIADH, thyroid abnormalities, hyperglycemia, adrenal insufficiency, orchitis and alteration in sperm morphology have been reported in case reports of patients with COVID-19 infection. Data focusing on COVID-19 vaccination was also searched to summarize the effect, if any, on the endocrine system. Endocrinopathies noted post COVID-19 vaccination, including cases of adrenal hemorrhage, new onset Type II Diabetes Mellitus and subacute thyroiditis, are also discussed in this review. This review calls attention to the misinformation relating to COVID-19 vaccination with supposed endocrine effects such as infertility and problems with pregnancy. Rebutting these misconceptions can help increase compliance and maximize COVID-19 vaccination to the public.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/idr14020023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T12:58:36Z","timestamp":1647003516000},"page":"184-197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["COVID-19 and the Endocrine System: A Review of the Current Information and Misinformation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Samir Ahmed","family":"Mirza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Karachi 74200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdul Ahad Ehsan","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The Wright Center for Graduate Medical Education, Scranton, PA 18505, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Barbera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3157-1933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zainab","family":"Ijaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Ali","family":"Javaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Dow Medical College, Karachi 74200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Shekhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2051-9788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suman","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0503-6961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abu Baker","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-020-0754-0","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection","volume":"14","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. 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