{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T06:01:04Z","timestamp":1792044064265,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]],"date-time":"2022-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infectious Disease Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Crusted scabies is a rare form of scabies that presents with more severe symptoms than those of classic scabies. It is characterized by large crusted lesions, extensive scales, thick hyperkeratosis, and contains a large number of highly contagious itch mites. Crusted scabies is more prevalent in immunocompromised, malnourished, and disabled individuals. This disease has been linked to a variety of health problems, including delayed diagnosis, infection risk, and high mortality, mainly from sepsis, and it has the potential to cause an outbreak due to its hyper-infestation, which makes it highly infectious. This article reports three cases of crusted scabies in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Recent updates and a comprehensive review of the literature on the disease are also included, emphasizing the critical importance of early diagnosis and effective medical management of patients, which are necessary to prevent the complications and spread in communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/idr14030051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T01:48:12Z","timestamp":1655430492000},"page":"479-491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Crusted Scabies, a Neglected Tropical Disease: Case Series and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6475-5918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurdjannah Jane","family":"Niode","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Kandou General Hospital, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado 95115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aryani","family":"Adji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Kandou General Hospital, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado 95115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shienty","family":"Gazpers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Kandou General Hospital, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado 95115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renate Tamara","family":"Kandou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Kandou General Hospital, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado 95115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herry","family":"Pandaleke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Kandou General Hospital, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado 95115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dwi Martina","family":"Trisnowati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Kandou General Hospital, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado 95115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christy","family":"Tumbelaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Kandou General Hospital, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado 95115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elrovita","family":"Donata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Kandou General Hospital, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado 95115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fauziyyah Nurani","family":"Djaafara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Sulawesi General Hospital, Manado 95115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3555-0136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hendrix Indra","family":"Kusuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia"},{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia"},{"name":"Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training, Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6774-9847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali A.","family":"Rabaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Garout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine and Health Care for Pilgrims, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Souad A.","family":"Almuthree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah 43442, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hatem M.","family":"Alhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Maternity and Children Hospital, Dammam 31176, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Infection Control, Maternity and Children Hospital, Dammam 31176, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Preventive Medicine and Infection Prevention and Control Department, Directorate of Ministry of Health, Dammam 32245, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5335-2809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Aljeldah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr A Batin, Hafr A Batin 39524, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hawra","family":"Albayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 7790, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0503-2154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Alsaeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 11159, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4501-5316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wadha A.","family":"Alfouzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait"},{"name":"Microbiology Unit, Department of Laboratories, Farwania Hospital, Farwania 85000, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0989-4023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Firzan","family":"Nainu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7469-4752","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuldeep","family":"Dhama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly 243122, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7630-8413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harapan","family":"Harapan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia"},{"name":"Tropical Disease Centre, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7963-7527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trina Ekawati","family":"Tallei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado 95115, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engelman, D., Marks, M., Steer, A.C., Beshah, A., Biswas, G., Chosidow, O., Coffeng, L.E., Lardizabal Dofitas, B., Enbiale, W., and Fallah, M. (2021). A framework for scabies control. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009661"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00042-06","article-title":"Problems in diagnosing scabies, a global disease in human and animal populations","volume":"20","author":"Walton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-021-00348-6","article-title":"Scabies as a part of the World Health Organization roadmap for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u20132030: What we know and what we need to do for global control","volume":"49","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1159\/000495290","article-title":"A review of scabies: An infestation more than skin deep","volume":"235","author":"Chandler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (2016). Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990\u20132015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet, 388, 1545\u20131602."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00195-10","article-title":"Increased allergic immune response to Sarcoptes scabiei antigens in crusted versus ordinary scabies","volume":"17","author":"Walton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2320-4","article-title":"Host immune responses to the itch mite, Sarcoptes scabiei, in humans","volume":"10","author":"Bhat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08541.x","article-title":"New insights into disease pathogenesis in crusted (Norwegian) scabies: The skin immune response in crusted scabies","volume":"158","author":"Walton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32835eb851","article-title":"Epidemiology of scabies","volume":"26","author":"Fuller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2167","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002167","article-title":"Toward the global control of human scabies: Introducing the International Alliance for the Control of Scabies","volume":"7","author":"Engelman","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/20.7.395","article-title":"Scabies","volume":"20","author":"Banerji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasan, T., Krause, V.L., James, C., and Currie, B.J. (2020). Crusted scabies; a 2-year prospective study from the Northern Territory of Australia. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008994"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.05.007","article-title":"More than a mite contagious: Crusted scabies","volume":"130","author":"Seidelman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-1334","article-title":"Crusted scabies","volume":"104","author":"Palaniappan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e188","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17850","article-title":"Concomitant SARS-CoV-2 infection and crusted scabies in a 4-month infant","volume":"36","author":"Giannattasio","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2020-137661","article-title":"Crusted scabies","volume":"96","author":"Sil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuellar-Barboza, A., Cardenas-de la Garza, J.A., Garc\u00eda-Lozano, J.A., Martinez-Moreno, A., Jaramillo-Moreno, G., and Ocampo-Candiani, J. (2020). A case of hyperkeratotic crusted scabies. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007918"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.5070\/D32610050466","article-title":"Crusted scabies in an elderly woman","volume":"26","author":"Cartron","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2020.36.238.24288","article-title":"A forgotten parasitic infestation in an immunocompromised patient-a case report of crusted scabies","volume":"36","author":"Agyei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pan Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13077","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.13077","article-title":"Crusted scabies in a renal transplant recipient treated with daily ivermectin: A case report and literature review","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2019.07.025","article-title":"Norwegian Scabies management after prolonged disease course: A case report","volume":"61","author":"Aukerman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.01.057","article-title":"Norwegian scabies in a patient with down syndrome","volume":"209","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"9542857","article-title":"Pruritic crusted scabies in an immunocompetent infant","volume":"2019","author":"Leung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Case Rep. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18539","article-title":"Nosocomial outbreak of crusted scabies in immunosuppressed patients caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis","volume":"182","author":"Stingeni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"591","article-title":"An itchy problem: A clinical case of crusted scabies","volume":"4","author":"Ferreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Case Rep. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"202","article-title":"Misdiagnosed crusted scabies in an AIDS patient leads to hyperinfestation","volume":"99","author":"Yari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20164811","article-title":"Norwegian scabies-rare case of atypical manifestation","volume":"91","author":"Ebrahim","year":"2016","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.5070\/D3218028438","article-title":"A case report of crusted scabies in an adult patient with Down syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Nagsuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-015-0769-7","article-title":"Atypical presentation of crusted (Norwegian) scabies","volume":"43","author":"Belvisi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20174433","article-title":"Crusted scabies due to indiscriminate use of glucocorticoid therapy in infant","volume":"92","author":"Cerqueira","year":"2017","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2013.09.002","article-title":"Norwegian crusted scabies: An unusual case presentation","volume":"53","author":"Maghrabi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.5070\/D32010024265","article-title":"Scabies of the nail unit","volume":"20","author":"Oh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1272\/jnms.81.157","article-title":"Treatment for crusted scabies: Limitations and side effects of treatment with ivermectin","volume":"81","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nippon Med. Sch."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-S\u00e1nchez, M., Saeb-Lima, M., Alvarado-de la Barrera, C., and Reyes-Ter\u00e1n, G. (2012). Crusted scabies-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. BMC Infect. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-323"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.53128","article-title":"Crusted scabies","volume":"75","author":"Karthikeyan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"e1102","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of scabies using a simple saline mount: A clinical microbiologist\u2019s report","volume":"9","author":"Kandi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3315\/jdcr.2009.1029","article-title":"Neonatal Norwegian scabies: Three cooperating causes","volume":"3","author":"Gualdi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.2307\/3282050","article-title":"Life cycle of Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis","volume":"74","author":"Arlian","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2234-1","article-title":"A review of Sarcoptes scabiei: Past, present and future","volume":"10","author":"Arlian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.18203\/issn.2455-4529.IntJResDermatol20203520","article-title":"Unusual microscopic appearance of Sarcoptes scabiei from skin scrapping sample and its epidemiology","volume":"6","author":"Siagian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Res. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"635","article-title":"Lice and scabies: Treatment update","volume":"99","author":"Gunning","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1169","article-title":"Norwegian scabies in two immune-compromised patients: A case report","volume":"48","author":"Rahdar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12129","article-title":"Crusted scabies is associated with increased IL-17 secretion by skin T cells","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talaga-\u0106wiertnia, K. (2021). Sarcoptes infestation. What is already known, and what is new about Scabies at the beginning of the third decade of the 21st century?. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10070868"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2017.05.006","article-title":"Scabies, crusted (Norwegian) scabies and the diagnosis of mite sensitisation","volume":"46","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7184.180285","article-title":"Crusted scabies: Presenting as erythroderma in a human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patient","volume":"37","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Sex. Transm. Dis. AIDS"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.16051","article-title":"A crusted rash in a patient with AIDS","volume":"313","author":"Baumrin","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"e7419","article-title":"Classic and non-classic (surrepticius) scabies: Diagnostic and treatment considerations","volume":"12","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.04.061","article-title":"Dermoscopy aids the diagnosis of crusted scabies in an erythrodermic patient","volume":"73","author":"Torre","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu826","article-title":"Low-cost equipment for diagnosis and management of endemic scabies outbreaks in underserved populations","volume":"60","author":"Micali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mika, A., Reynolds, S.L., Pickering, D., McMillan, D., Sriprakash, K.S., Kemp, D.J., and Fischer, K. (2012). Complement inhibitors from scabies mites promote streptococcal growth--a novel mechanism in infected epidermis?. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001563"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-398457-9.00005-6","article-title":"Scabies: Important clinical consequences explained by new molecular studies","volume":"79","author":"Fischer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marks, M.I. (1985). Skin Infections BT-Pediatric Infectious Diseases for the Practitioner, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-5038-8"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"49","article-title":"Crusted (Norwegian) scabies treated with oral ivermectin: A case report and overview","volume":"25","author":"Apap","year":"2021","journal-title":"Malta Med. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5178.120654","article-title":"Bullous scabies in an adult: A case report with review of literature","volume":"4","author":"Gutte","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas, J., Peterson, G.M., Walton, S.F., Carson, C.F., Naunton, M., and Baby, K.E. (2015). Scabies: An ancient global disease with a need for new therapies. BMC Infect. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-0983-z"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riebenbauer, K., Weber, P.B., Haitel, A., Walochnik, J., Valencak, J., Meyersburg, D., Kinaciyan, T., and Handisurya, A. (2022). Comparison of permethrin-based treatment strategies against scabies in infants and young children. J. Pediatr., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2022.02.016"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14351","article-title":"European guideline for the management of scabies","volume":"31","author":"Salavastru","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2003.018390","article-title":"Treatment of scabies: Newer perspectives","volume":"81","author":"Karthikeyan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Linden, N., van Gool, K., Gardner, K., Dickinson, H., Agostino, J., Regan, D.G., Dowden, M., and Viney, R. (2019). A systematic review of scabies transmission models and data to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of scabies interventions. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007182"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp052784","article-title":"Scabies","volume":"354","author":"Chosidow","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"CD000320","article-title":"Interventions for treating scabies","volume":"2007","author":"Strong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"189","article-title":"The efficacy of permethrin 5% vs. oral ivermectin for the treatment of scabies","volume":"59","author":"Ranjkesh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalil, S., Abbas, O., Kibbi, A.G., and Kurban, M. (2017). Scabies in the age of increasing drug resistance. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005920"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"1707","article-title":"Scabies","volume":"2008","author":"Johnstone","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ Clin. Evid."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, J.S., McGloughlin, S., Tong, S.Y.C., Walton, S.F., and Currie, B.J. (2013). A novel clinical grading scale to guide the management of crusted scabies. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002387"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-013-0354-0","article-title":"Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of scabies","volume":"15","author":"Shimose","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adji, A., Rumokoy, L.J.M., and Salaki, C.L. (2019, January 6\u20139). Scabies vaccine as a new breakthrough for the challenge of Acaricides resistance BT. Proceedings of the International Conference and the 10th Congress of the Entomological Society of Indonesia (ICCESI 2019), Bali, Indonesia.","DOI":"10.2991\/absr.k.200513.036"}],"container-title":["Infectious Disease Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2036-7449\/14\/3\/51\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:33:12Z","timestamp":1760139192000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2036-7449\/14\/3\/51"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["idr14030051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/idr14030051","relation":{},"ISSN":["2036-7449"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2036-7449","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]]}}}