{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T02:24:50Z","timestamp":1788143090273,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]],"date-time":"2022-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mahasarakham University","award":["Fast Track 2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fast Track 2021"]}]},{"name":"Mahasarakham University","award":["P51OD010425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P51OD010425"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office","award":["Fast Track 2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fast Track 2021"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office","award":["P51OD010425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P51OD010425"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infectious Disease Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that is ubiquitously distributed and is classified as a re-emerging infectious disease in humans and animals. Many serovars are carried by wildlife; all of them are capable of causing illness in humans. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Leptospirosis in wild long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) at Kosumpee Forest Park, Mahasarakham, Thailand. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the park. Blood samples were collected via saphenous vein from 30 free-ranging long-tailed macaques. All samples were tested by the microscopic agglutination test. The LipL32 gene was used to detect pathogenic Leptospira in blood samples by conventional polymerase chain reaction. Results: Screening of the 30 wild macaques showed an overall Leptospira seroreactivity of 13.33%. Three of 30 macaques reacted against Leptospira serovar Shermani and one macaque was infected with Leptospira serovar Sejroe. None of the macaques presented clinical signs of leptospirosis. None of the blood samples showed the detection of the LipL32 gene. Conclusions: The results indicate that the long-tailed macaques at Kosumpee Forest Park may act as natural reservoirs for Leptospirosis. Further, the results provide evidence-based information indicating that several pathogenic Leptospira serovars are circulating in the wild macaques in the study area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/idr15010002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T07:33:33Z","timestamp":1672126413000},"page":"16-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Leptospira Seroprevalence in Free-Ranging Long-Tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) at Kosumpee Forest Park, Maha Sarakham, Thailand"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0612-9847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natapol","family":"Pumipuntu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand"},{"name":"Veterinary Infectious Disease Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8572-3464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tawatchai","family":"Tanee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand"},{"name":"Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pensri","family":"Kyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Center for Global Field Study, and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penkhae","family":"Thamsenanupap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"One Health Research Unit, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand"},{"name":"Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Apichat","family":"Karaket","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4501-3764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Randall C.","family":"Kyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Psychology, Global Health, and Anthropology, Center for Global Field Study, and Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82290-5","article-title":"Human, animal, water source interactions and leptospirosis in Thailand","volume":"11","author":"Narkkul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.5","article-title":"Virulence of the zoonotic agent of leptospirosis: Still terra incognita?","volume":"15","author":"Picardeau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"65","article-title":"Leptospirosis in humans","volume":"387","author":"Haake","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"139","article-title":"The molecular basis of Leptospiral pathogenesis","volume":"387","author":"Murray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12E.5.1","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471729259.mc12e05s32","article-title":"Leptospirosis serodiagnosis by the microscopic agglutination test","volume":"32","author":"Goris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"223","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. in cattle and dogs in Mahasarakham province, Thailand","volume":"30","author":"Pumipuntu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"247","article-title":"Coinfection of Leptospira spp. and Toxoplasma gondii among stray dogs in Bangkok, Thailand","volume":"40","author":"Jittapalapong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"281","article-title":"Leptospirosis: An emerging health problem in Thailand","volume":"36","author":"Tangkanakul","year":"2005","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268812002981","article-title":"Serological survey of leptospirosis in livestock in Thailand","volume":"141","author":"Suwancharoen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3390\/zoonoticdis2020008","article-title":"Variety of Leptospira serovar distribution in bullfighting cattle in southern of Thailand","volume":"2","author":"Ngasaman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"136","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies to Leptospira serovars in rodents and shrews trapped in low and high endemic areas in Thailand","volume":"86","author":"Kositanont","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med. Assoc. Thai."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"185","article-title":"Current situation and status of long tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Thailand","volume":"8","author":"Malaivijitnond","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Hist. J. Chulalongkorn Univ."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grant, E., Kyes, R.C., Kyes, P., Trinh, P., Ramirez, V., Tanee, T., Pinloar, P., Dangtakote, R., and Rabinowitz, P. (2019). Fecal microbiota dysbiosis in macaques and humans within a shared environment. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1101\/510065"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"22","article-title":"Population status of the long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) at Kosumpee Forest Park, Maha Sarakham, Thailand","volume":"80","author":"Kyes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0241","article-title":"Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in urban landscapes: Investigating gastrointestinal parasitism and barriers for healthy co-existence in northeast Thailand","volume":"100","author":"Schurer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S299797","article-title":"One health approach of melioidosis and gastrointestinal parasitic infections from Macaca fascicularis to human at Kosumpee forest park, Maha Sarakham, Thailand","volume":"15","author":"Damrongsukij","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2022.2693-2698","article-title":"Investigation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and Staphylococcus argenteus from wild long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) at Kosumpee Forest Park, Maha Sarakham, Thailand","volume":"15","author":"Pumipuntu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Faine, S., Adler, B., Bolin, C., and Perolat, P. (1999). Leptospira and Leptospirosis, CRC Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2014.909960","article-title":"Neglected leptospirosis in raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Indiana, USA","volume":"34","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/23144599.2022.2040176","article-title":"Zoonotic pathogens survey in free-living long-tailed macaques in Thailand","volume":"10","author":"Kaewchot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"700","article-title":"Natural infection of leptospirosis and melioidosis in long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Thailand","volume":"84","author":"Saechan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2014.428-431","article-title":"Leptospiral agglutinins in captive and free ranging non-human primates in Sarawak, Malaysia","volume":"7","author":"Thayaparan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. World."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajeev, S., Bolfa, P., Shiokawa, K., Beierschmitt, A., and Palmour, R. (2020). Leptospira infection in African green monkeys in an endemic area: An opportunity for comparative studies in a natural environment. Pathogens, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060474"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.05.002","article-title":"An outbreak of severe leptospirosis in capuchin (Cebus) monkeys","volume":"188","author":"Szonyi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/jmp.12493","article-title":"Serological survey and DNA screening of Leptospira spp. in free-living adult tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella nigritus) in a forest reserve Southeast S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil","volume":"50","author":"Girio","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Primatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chadsuthi, S., Bicout, D.J., Wiratsudakul, A., Suwancharoen, D., Petkanchanapong, W., Modchang, C., Triampo, W., Ratanakorn, P., and Chalvet-Monfray, K. (2017). Investigation on predominant Leptospira serovars and its distribution in humans and livestock in Thailand, 2010\u20132015. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005228"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viroj, J., Claude, J., Lajaunie, C., Cappelle, J., Kritiyakan, A., Thuainan, P., Chewnarupai, W., and Morand, S. (2021). Agro-Environmental Determinants of Leptospirosis: A Retrospective Spatiotemporal Analysis (2004\u20132014) in Mahasarakham Province (Thailand). Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed6030115"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.10.151","article-title":"Diagnosis of acute leptospirosis","volume":"9","author":"Toyokawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00477-022-02250-x","article-title":"Effects of rainfall on human leptospirosis in Thailand: Evidence of multi-province study using distributed lag non-linear model","volume":"36","author":"Phosri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stoch. Environ. Res. Risk Assess."}],"container-title":["Infectious Disease Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2036-7449\/15\/1\/2\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:51:10Z","timestamp":1760147470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2036-7449\/15\/1\/2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["idr15010002"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/idr15010002","relation":{},"ISSN":["2036-7449"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2036-7449","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,26]]}}}