{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:20:47Z","timestamp":1791519647864,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]],"date-time":"2023-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infectious Disease Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity, causing a substantial burden to the global healthcare system. AMR in Gram-negative organisms is particularly concerning due to a dramatic rise in infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL and CPE). These pathogens have limited treatment options and are associated with poor clinical outcomes, including high mortality rates. The microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract acts as a major reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes (the resistome), and the environment facilitates intra and inter-species transfer of mobile genetic elements carrying these resistance genes. As colonisation often precedes infection, strategies to manipulate the resistome to limit endogenous infections with AMR organisms, as well as prevent transmission to others, is a worthwhile pursuit. This narrative review presents existing evidence on how manipulation of the gut microbiota can be exploited to therapeutically restore colonisation resistance using a number of methods, including diet, probiotics, bacteriophages and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/idr15030025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T03:49:06Z","timestamp":1683690546000},"page":"238-254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Modulation of the Gut Microbiota to Control Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)\u2014A Narrative Review with a Focus on Faecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6061-6064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blair","family":"Merrick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust, King\u2019s College, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chrysi","family":"Sergaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostics R&D, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), Potters Bar EN6 3QG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsey","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Institute of Liver Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King\u2019s College, London SE1 1UL, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Liver Studies, King\u2019s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1657-918X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David L.","family":"Moyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King\u2019s College, London SE1 1UK, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kertanegara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust, King\u2019s College, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9sir\u00e9e","family":"Prossomariti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust, King\u2019s College, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6133-4619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debbie L.","family":"Shawcross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Institute of Liver Studies, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King\u2019s College, London SE1 1UL, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Liver Studies, King\u2019s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 9RS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0837-7382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon D.","family":"Goldenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research, Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust, King\u2019s College, London SE1 7EH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"226","article-title":"On the Antibacterial Action of Cultures of a Penicillium, with Special Reference to their Use in the Isolation of B. influenz\u00e6","volume":"10","author":"Fleming","year":"1929","journal-title":"Br. 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