{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:11:28Z","timestamp":1767139888507,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,10]],"date-time":"2023-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infectious Disease Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Data regarding the relationship between coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and active or latent tuberculosis (TB) are discordant. We conducted a retrospective study examining the impact of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) on the clinical progression of COVID-19 patients. We selected 213 patients admitted with COVID-19 in a tertiary-level Italian hospital (February\u2013December 2020), who underwent a QuantiFERON-TB test (QFT) and\/or chest radiological exam. The population was divided into three groups: (i) QFT negative and without radiological TB sequelae (Neg); (ii) QFT positive and without radiological TB sequelae (Pos); (iii) radiological TB sequelae regardless of QFT result (Seq). In-hospital mortality and oro-tracheal intubation (OTI) showed significantly higher results in the Seq group (Seq 50% vs. Pos 13.3% vs. Neg 9.3%, p &lt; 0.001; Seq 16.7% vs. Pos 6.7% vs. Neg 4.9%, p = 0.045). Considering the Pos and Seq groups\u2019 patients as the population with defined LTBI, in-hospital mortality (20\/51, 39.2%) and OTI risk (7\/51, 13.7%) were statistically higher with respect to patients without LTBI (in-hospital mortality: 15\/162, 9.3%, p &lt; 0.001; OTI risk: 8\/162, 4.9%, p = 0.023), respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that radiological sequelae and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) were significantly associated with higher mortality rate; despite the higher CCI of Seq population, we cannot exclude the correlation between COVID-19 in-hospital mortality and the presence of radiological TB sequelae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/idr15060068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T14:12:51Z","timestamp":1702303971000},"page":"758-765","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Latent Tuberculosis Infection and COVID-19: Analysis of a Cohort of Patients from Careggi University Hospital (Florence, Italy)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2796-8621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Mariotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Sponchiado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Lagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Moroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Radiology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8767-2640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Paggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9687-0734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seble Tekle","family":"Kiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Miele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Radiology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9758-1523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Bartoloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Mencarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, 50134 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The COCORA Working Group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, November 02). WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard, Available online: https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2020). WHO Global Tuberculosis Report."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Houben, R.M.G.J., and Dodd, P.J. (2016). The Global Burden of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: A Re-Estimation Using Mathematical Modelling. PLoS Med., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002152"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1405427","article-title":"Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection","volume":"372","author":"Getahun","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00120908","article-title":"LTBI: Latent Tuberculosis Infection or Lasting Immune Responses to M. Tuberculosis? A TBNET Consensus Statement","volume":"33","author":"Mack","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032712-095939","article-title":"The Immune Response in Tuberculosis","volume":"31","author":"Redford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.140100","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of Chest Radiography for the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis (TB) and Its Role in the Detection of Latent TB Infection: A Systematic Review","volume":"91","author":"Piccazzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2018.09.005","article-title":"The Usefulness of Routine Chest Radiograph Examinations in Patients Treated with TNF Inhibitors for Inflammatory Arthritis in South Korea","volume":"143","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2021.105101","article-title":"Role of Multiple Factors Likely Contributing to Severity-Mortality of COVID-19","volume":"96","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.20.0387","article-title":"COVID-19 and Tuberculosis-Threats and Opportunities","volume":"24","author":"Zumla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001398","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01398-2020","article-title":"Active Tuberculosis, Sequelae and COVID-19 Co-Infection: First Cohort of 49 Cases","volume":"56","author":"Tadolini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26740","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 in Patients with Concurrent Co-Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses","volume":"93","author":"Sarkar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Global Tuberculosis NetworkTB\/COVID-19 Global Study Group (2023). Long-term outcomes of the global TB and COVID-19 coinfection cohort. Eur. Respir. J., in press."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250198","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1250198","article-title":"Tuberculosis and COVID-19 in the Elderly: Factors Driving a Higher Burden of Disease","volume":"14","author":"Torrelles","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2020.05.002","article-title":"Tuberculosis, COVID-19 and Migrants: Preliminary Analysis of Deaths Occurring in 69 Patients from Two Cohorts","volume":"26","author":"Motta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pulmonology"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"WHO (2023). Clinical Management of COVID-19 Living Guidelines."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (2023). Rapid Guideline NG191: Managing COVID-19, NICE."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.07.3896","article-title":"Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Up-to-Date Imaging and Management","volume":"191","author":"Yeon","year":"2008","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1182","article-title":"Mortality Risk Among Patients Hospitalized Primarily for COVID-19 During the Omicron and Delta Variant Pandemic Periods\u2014United States, April 2020\u2013June 2022","volume":"71","author":"Adjei","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-023-03231-w","article-title":"Characteristics of COVID-19 Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Patients Admitted to Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy","volume":"18","author":"Paggi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244556","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1244556","article-title":"Initial Immune Response after Exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis or to SARS-COV-2: Similarities and Differences","volume":"14","author":"Aiello","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210264","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0264-2021","article-title":"COVID-19 and tuberculosis: The double whammy of respiratory pathogens","volume":"31","author":"Shariq","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003408","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.03408-2020","article-title":"A Profile of a Retrospective Cohort of 22 Patients with COVID-19 and Active\/Treated Tuberculosis","volume":"56","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001708","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01708-2020","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 and Active Tuberculosis Co-Infection in an Italian Reference Hospital","volume":"56","author":"Stochino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110214","article-title":"Role of Latent Tuberculosis Infections in Reduced COVID-19 Mortality: Evidence from an Instrumental Variable Method Analysis. Med","volume":"144","author":"Takahashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2020.12.013","article-title":"Positive QuantiFERON Test and the Severity of COVID-19 Disease: A Prospective Study","volume":"68","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Tuberc."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"e19882","article-title":"Impact of Latent Tuberculosis on Severity and Outcomes in Admitted COVID-19 Patients","volume":"13","author":"Madan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.20.0163","article-title":"Severe COVID-19 Cases with a History of Active or Latent Tuberculosis","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-020-0325-9","article-title":"Could BCG Be Used to Protect against COVID-19?","volume":"17","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31025-4","article-title":"Considering BCG Vaccination to Reduce the Impact of COVID-19","volume":"395","author":"Curtis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17720","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2008410117","article-title":"BCG Vaccine Protection from Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"117","author":"Escobar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s40794-020-00117-z","article-title":"Correlation between Immunity from BCG and the Morbidity and Mortality of COVID-19","volume":"6","author":"Wickramasinghe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop. Dis. Travel Med. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100073","article-title":"Safety and COVID-19 Symptoms in Individuals Recently Vaccinated with BCG: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"1","author":"Moorlag","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2023, October 31). Does BCG Vaccination Protect against Acute Respiratory Infections and COVID-19? A Rapid Review of Current Evidence\u2014The Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Available online: https:\/\/www.cebm.net\/covid-19\/does-bcg-vaccination-protect-against-acute-respiratory-infections-and-covid-19-a-rapid-review-of-current-evidence\/."}],"container-title":["Infectious Disease Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2036-7449\/15\/6\/68\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:36:12Z","timestamp":1760132172000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2036-7449\/15\/6\/68"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,10]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["idr15060068"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/idr15060068","relation":{},"ISSN":["2036-7449"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2036-7449"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,10]]}}}