{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T03:51:16Z","timestamp":1790221876017,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, India","award":["BT\/PR2071\/BBE\/117\/241\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BT\/PR2071\/BBE\/117\/241\/2016"]}]},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, India","award":["311\/RUSA(2.0)\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311\/RUSA(2.0)\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, India","award":["01706\/P6\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01706\/P6\/2021"]}]},{"name":"RUSA 2.0 Biological Sciences","award":["BT\/PR2071\/BBE\/117\/241\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BT\/PR2071\/BBE\/117\/241\/2016"]}]},{"name":"RUSA 2.0 Biological Sciences","award":["311\/RUSA(2.0)\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311\/RUSA(2.0)\/2018"]}]},{"name":"RUSA 2.0 Biological Sciences","award":["01706\/P6\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01706\/P6\/2021"]}]},{"name":"Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli and Tamil Nadu State Council for Higher Education (TANSCHE)","award":["BT\/PR2071\/BBE\/117\/241\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BT\/PR2071\/BBE\/117\/241\/2016"]}]},{"name":"Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli and Tamil Nadu State Council for Higher Education (TANSCHE)","award":["311\/RUSA(2.0)\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311\/RUSA(2.0)\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli and Tamil Nadu State Council for Higher Education (TANSCHE)","award":["01706\/P6\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01706\/P6\/2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infectious Disease Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objective: Indwelling intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) have surfaces that facilitate the attachment of Candida spp., creating a suitable environment for biofilm formation. Due to this, vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is frequently linked to IUD usage, necessitating the prompt removal of these devices for effective treatment. In this study, we evaluated the susceptibility of antimicrobial peptides in vitro against biofilm forming, Amphotericin B (MIC50 &gt; 2\u2009mg L\u22121) resistant Candida krusei and Candida tropicalis isolated from IUD users who had signs of vaginal candidiasis (hemorrhage, pelvic pain, inflammation, itching, and vaginal discharge). Three antimicrobial peptides, namely, epinecidin-1 (epi-1) and its two variants, namely, variant-1 (Var-1) and variant-2 (Var-2), which were reported to have enhanced antibacterial activity were tested against IUD isolates (C. krusei and C. tropicalis) with pathogenic form of Candida albicans as control. Variants of epi-1, namely, Var-1 and Var-2 were created by substituting lysine in the place of histidine and alanine. Methods: The antimicrobial activity was measured using the microbroth dilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of peptides against C. albicans, C. krusei and C. tropicalis. The MIC of each peptide was used for biofilm assay by Crystal violet staining, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) assay. To find the possible mechanism of anti-biofilm activity by the peptides, their ability to interact with Candida spp. cell membrane proteins such as Exo-\u03b2-(1,3)-Glucanase, Secreted Aspartic Proteinase (Sap) 1, and N-terminal Domain Adhesin: Als 9-2 were determined through PatchDock. Results: The MIC values of peptides: epi-1, var-1 and var-2 against C. albicans are 128 \u03bcg mL\u22121, 64 \u03bcg mL\u22121 and 32 \u03bcg mL\u22121, C. tropicalis are 256 \u03bcg mL\u22121, 64 \u03bcg mL\u22121, and 32 \u03bcg mL\u22121 and C. krusei are 128 \u00b5g mL\u22121, 128 \u00b5g mL\u22121 and 64 \u00b5g mL\u22121, respectively. Both the variants outperformed epi-1. Specifically for tested Candida spp., var-1 showed two- to four-fold enhancements and var-2 showed two- to eight-fold enhancements compared to epi-1. Electron microscopy confirmed that the mechanism of action involves pore formation thus inducing reactive oxygen species in Candida spp. cell membrane. Computational analysis showed that the peptides have a high tendency to interact with Candida spp. cell membrane proteins such as Exo-\u03b2-(1,3)-Glucanase, Secreted Aspartic Proteinase (Sap) 1, and N-terminal Domain Adhesin: Als 9-2, thereby preventing biofilm formation. Conclusions: The in vitro evidence supports the potential use of epi-1 and its variants to be used as an anti-biofilm agent to coat IUDs in the future for therapeutic purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/idr16060096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T04:52:49Z","timestamp":1733979169000},"page":"1214-1229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Antibiofilm Activity of Epinecidin-1 and Its Variants Against Drug-Resistant Candida krusei and Candida\u00a0tropicalis Isolates from Vaginal Candidiasis Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6614-5489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sivakumar","family":"Jeyarajan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India"},{"name":"Transgenic Animal Model Core, Biomedical Research Core Facilities, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5917-7797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sukumar","family":"Ranjith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1118-0038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raja","family":"Veerapandian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7805-2666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kalimuthusamy","family":"Natarajaseenivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India"},{"name":"ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Lahowal, Dibrugarh 786010, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prahalathan","family":"Chidambaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anbarasu","family":"Kumarasamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2021). 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