{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T02:37:26Z","timestamp":1769049446489,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743638400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infectious Disease Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are a heterogeneous group of conditions that can cause fibrosis of the lung interstitium, resulting in respiratory failure and death. Patients with an ILD, particularly idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) or connective tissue disease-associated ILDs (CTD-ILDs), are prone to develop chronic pulmonary infections such as tuberculosis (TB) and non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD). Methods: This case series examines the management of three ILD patients with a usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern and concomitant NTM-PD or TB at National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d in Rome, Italy, over three years (2019\u20132022). Results and Conclusions: Multi-disciplinary discussion (MDD) was crucial to define the therapeutic approach due to the increased risk of side effects and drug interactions. Our work underscored how a comprehensive diagnostic evaluation, enriched by MDD, is useful for optimizing the management and reducing drug-related adverse effects and interactions in ILD patients with cavitary lesions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/idr17020028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T04:33:43Z","timestamp":1743654823000},"page":"28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Usual Interstitial Pneumonia Pattern and Mycobacteria Lung Diseases: A Case Series"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6238-3818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Angela","family":"Licata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Sense Organs, and Thorax, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00153 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Pulmonology Unit and UTIR, Ospedale Civile San Salvatore, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Monteleone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Sense Organs, and Thorax, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00153 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3954-8620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Schiavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Sense Organs, and Thorax, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00153 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Musso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Infectious Diseases Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8928-8183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Mencarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Infectious Diseases Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annelisa","family":"Mastrobattista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Infectious Diseases Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serena Maria","family":"Carli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Infectious Diseases Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9060-7313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlotta","family":"Cerva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Infectious Diseases Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giacomo","family":"Sgalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Sense Organs, and Thorax, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00153 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Complex Operative Unit of Pulmonology, Department of Neurosciences, Sense Organs, and Thorax, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Richeldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Sense Organs, and Thorax, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00153 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Complex Operative Unit of Pulmonology, Department of Neurosciences, Sense Organs, and Thorax, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8184-6291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Palmieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Infectious Diseases Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gina","family":"Gualano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Infectious Diseases Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases \u201cLazzaro Spallanzani\u201d IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30866-8","article-title":"Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"389","author":"Richeldi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202202-0399ST","article-title":"Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (an Update) and Progressive Pulmonary Fibrosis in Adults: An Official ATS\/ERS\/JRS\/ALAT Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"205","author":"Raghu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. 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