{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T09:26:35Z","timestamp":1769937995416,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":225,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infectious Disease Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The identification of a type I interferon-induced transcriptomic signature in active tuberculosis suggests a potential role for these interferons in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Comorbidities such as human immunodeficiency virus, diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, end-stage renal disease, and coronavirus disease are epidemiologically linked to an increased risk for reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection. Notably, type I interferons are also implicated in the pathogenesis of these conditions, with a recognizable type I interferon transcriptomic signature. The mechanisms by which type I interferons in tuberculosis-risk-associated comorbidities may drive the progression of tuberculosis or maintenance of latent infection however remain largely unknown. This review summarizes the existing literature on the increased association between type I interferons, focusing on interferon-\u03b1 and -\u03b2, and the heightened risk of tuberculosis reactivation. It also underscores the similarities in the immunopathogenesis of these comorbidities. A better understanding of these mechanisms is essential to guide the development of host-directed interferon therapies and improving diagnostic biomarkers in M. tuberculosis infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/idr17040081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T09:12:48Z","timestamp":1751965968000},"page":"81","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Role of Type I Interferons in Tuberculosis and in Tuberculosis-Risk-Associated Comorbidities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8115-9376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florence","family":"Mutua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Room 543-745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Kenyatta National Hospital Campus, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 30197-00100, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruey-Chyi","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Room 543-745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"},{"name":"National Sexually Transmitted and Bloodborne Infections Laboratory Division, JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington St, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terry Blake","family":"Ball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Room 543-745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"},{"name":"National Sexually Transmitted and Bloodborne Infections Laboratory Division, JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington St, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Kiazyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Room 543-745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada"},{"name":"National Sexually Transmitted and Bloodborne Infections Laboratory Division, JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington St, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"The World Health Organization (WHO) (2023). 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