{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T05:30:59Z","timestamp":1791437459571,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006374","name":"Directorate of Research and Community Services, Universitas Brawijaya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["00144.22\/UN10.A0501\/B\/PT.01.03.2\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00144.22\/UN10.A0501\/B\/PT.01.03.2\/2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infectious Disease Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ocular Toxoplasmosis (OT), a leading cause of infectious posterior uveitis, presents significant diagnostic challenges in atypical cases due to phenotypic overlap with other retinochoroiditides and a reliance on expert interpretation of multimodal imaging. This scoping review systematically maps the burgeoning application of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly deep learning, in automating OT diagnosis. We synthesized 22 studies to characterize the current evidence, data landscape, and clinical translation readiness. Findings reveal a field in its nascent yet rapidly accelerating phase, dominated by convolutional neural networks (CNNs) applied to fundus photography for binary classification tasks, often reporting high accuracy (87\u201399.2%). However, development is critically constrained by small, imbalanced, single-center datasets, a near-universal lack of external validation, and insufficient explainable AI (XAI), creating a significant gap between technical promise and clinical utility. While AI demonstrates strong potential to standardize diagnosis and reduce subjectivity, its path to integration is hampered by over-reliance on internal validation, the \u201cblack box\u201d nature of models, and an absence of implementation strategies. Future progress hinges on collaborative multi-center data curation, mandatory external and prospective validation, the integration of XAI for transparency, and a focused shift towards developing AI tools that assist in the complex differential diagnosis of posterior uveitis, ultimately bridging the translational chasm to clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/idr17060148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T10:35:51Z","timestamp":1765190151000},"page":"148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Evolution of Artificial Intelligence in Ocular Toxoplasmosis Detection: A Scoping Review on Diagnostic Models, Data Challenges, and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5072-5574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dodit","family":"Suprianto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral Program in Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Malang, Malang 65141, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4880-1048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loeki Enggar","family":"Fitri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia"},{"name":"AIDS, Toxoplasma, Opportunistic Disease and Malaria (ATOM) Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8317-7626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ovi","family":"Sofia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang 65111, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3096-5087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akhmad","family":"Sabarudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0965-206X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wayan Firdaus","family":"Mahmudy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Informatics Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang 65145, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Hatta","family":"Prabowo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta 55584, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Werasak","family":"Surareungchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut\u2019s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2022.2117705","article-title":"Ocular Toxoplasmosis","volume":"31","author":"Goh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocul. 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