{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:59:09Z","timestamp":1792447149946,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u2014Brasil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["301744\/2019-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["301744\/2019-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico\u2014Brasil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["152770\/2024-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["152770\/2024-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro\u2014Brasil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/204.189\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/204.189\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro\u2014Brasil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/201.654\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/201.654\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro\u2014Brasil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/200.799\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/200.799\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro\u2014Brasil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/010.000983\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/010.000983\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro\u2014Brasil","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/200.2010\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/200.2010\/2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011919","name":"Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PPinst 2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPinst 2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011919","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011919","name":"Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PPinst 2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPinst 2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011919","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011919","name":"Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PPq 2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPq 2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011919","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infectious Disease Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) remains a global health challenge, with treatment options often limited by drug resistance and systemic toxicity. Amphotericin B (AmB) represents a promising alternative. but intravenous administration causes severe systemic adverse effects. Despite growing interest in topical therapies, knowledge gaps remain regarding the comparative efficacy of delivery systems, including the influence of treatment timing and potential intrinsic effects. This study aimed to develop and characterize different topical AmB formulations (polymeric nanoparticles (PCL-AmB), a lipid-based (Oil_AmB) formulation, and a gel emulsion) to evaluate their in vivo efficacy against CL in a murine model, considering treatment initiation timing and potential intrinsic effects of the delivery systems. Methods: Formulations were prepared and characterized in terms of hydrodynamic size, polydispersity index, and AmB content. Antileishmanial activity was assessed in two independent in vivo experiments, with topical monotherapy administered five days per week for four weeks, starting either 10 or 30 days post-infection, representing early and established chronic stages of infection, respectively. Results: All formulations exhibited nanoscale dimensions and high homogeneity, with the lipid system demonstrating superior AmB solubilization. Both PCL-AmB and Oil_AmB reduced parasite load in the footpad, with Oil_AmB also reducing parasite load in draining lymph nodes. Conclusions: PCL-AmB and Oil_AmB reduced lesions and parasite burden in L. amazonensis-infected mice. Treatment timing was critical, with early Oil_AmB also reducing parasite loads in draining lymph nodes. These findings suggest that topical AmB formulations may provide a promising alternative for CL treatment, though further studies are required to optimize efficacy and administration schedules.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/idr18010006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T08:42:58Z","timestamp":1767688978000},"page":"6","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Beyond the Skin: Topical Amphotericin B Nanocarriers Targeting Cutaneous Leishmaniasis with Suppression of Lymphatic Parasite Burden"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1173-9164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Alexandrino-J\u00fanior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Micro e Nanotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico em Sa\u00fade (CDTS), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4036, Mar\u00e9, Rio de Janeiro 21040-361, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3060-1355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Barcellos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Micro e Nanotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico em Sa\u00fade (CDTS), Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4036, Mar\u00e9, Rio de Janeiro 21040-361, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Pesquisa Translacional em F\u00e1rmacos e Medicamentos, Farmanguinhos, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Filipe","family":"Gon\u00e7alves-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Molecular e Doen\u00e7as End\u00eamicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3614-8763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luzia Monteiro de Castro","family":"C\u00f4rtes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Molecular e Doen\u00e7as End\u00eamicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9216-4306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franklin","family":"Souza-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Modelagem de Sistemas Biol\u00f3gicos, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnol\u00f3gico em Sa\u00fade, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brazil, 4036, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-361, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisa Pr\u00e9-Cl\u00ednica, Universidade Igua\u00e7u, Avenida Ab\u00edlio Augusto T\u00e1vora 2134, Dom Rodrigo, Nova Igua\u00e7u 26260-045, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8703-426X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Roberto","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Molecular e Doen\u00e7as End\u00eamicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4448-1398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geovane","family":"Dias-Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Molecular e Doen\u00e7as End\u00eamicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alc\u00e2ntara Gomes, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas e Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Ar\u00edzio Gomes da Costa 186, Jardim Flamboyant, Cabo Frio 28905-320, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana Figueiredo","family":"Peixoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedicina, Centro de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica de Petr\u00f3polis, Rua Bar\u00e3o do Amazonas-124, Centro, Petr\u00f3polis 25685-100, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2477-9798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz Ferreira de Carvalho","family":"Patricio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o Farmac\u00eautica e Tecnol\u00f3gica, Instituto Biom\u00e9dico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de 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