{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T05:04:58Z","timestamp":1784091898793,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009530","name":"Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["JIP\/Res\/Intramural\/phs-3\/2023-24\/39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JIP\/Res\/Intramural\/phs-3\/2023-24\/39"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infectious Disease Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABC), comprising Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. abscessus (MABa), Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. bolletii (MABb), and Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. massiliense (MABm), is an emerging group of non-tuberculous mycobacteria with clinically significant infections and challenging treatment outcomes due to extensive antimicrobial resistance. Accurate subspecies identification and characterization of resistance- and virulence-associated determinants are essential for effective disease management. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and subspecies distribution of MABC and to characterize resistance-associated mutations and virulence factors, including biofilm formation. Methods: A total of 1110 NTM-suspected clinical samples were screened during the study period, between January 2024 and October 2025. Samples negative by GeneXpert MTB\/RIF were subjected to Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) culture, followed by Ziehl\u2013Neelsen staining and MPT64 antigen testing. Acid-fast bacilli-positive, MPT64-negative isolates were identified as NTM and analyzed using GenoType CM and NTM-DR line probe assays (LPA) for species identification and detection of resistance-associated mutations. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was optimized to differentiate MABa and MABm. All MABC clinical strains were further characterized for colony morphology (smooth and rough) and biofilm formation. Three biofilm-producing MABa strains (2 rough and 1 smooth) that were detected as macrolide-resistant by NTM-DR were subjected to whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Results: Among 1110 clinical samples, MABC was identified in 2.25% (n = 25) of cases, while other NTM species accounted for 4.41% (n = 49). Among 25 MABC clinical strains, 14 (56%) were MABm, and 11 (44%) were MABa, as confirmed by both LPA and PCR. LPA-NTM DR detected erm(41) T28 sequevar (n = 9) and C28 mutation (n = 2) among MABa strains, with one strain exhibiting aminoglycoside resistance-associated rrs mutation. Nineteen isolates displayed a smooth morphotype (MABa = 8 and MABm = 11), and six were rough (MABa = 3 and MABm = 3). Biofilm formation was observed in both smooth (n = 5) and rough (n = 4) morphotypes. WGS analysis confirmed erm(41) T28 sequevar, identified a missense mutation (A238G), and revealed genes associated with glycopeptidolipid biosynthesis. Conclusions: Our findings provide important insights into subspecies identification and genetic determinants associated with drug resistance and virulence in MABC. The biofilm-forming ability observed in both smooth and rough morphotypes emphasizes its potential role in persistence and treatment challenges, emphasizing the need for comprehensive diagnostic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/idr18040073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T02:34:44Z","timestamp":1783996484000},"page":"73","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Subspecies Identification and Characterization of Drug Resistance and Virulence Factors in Clinical Strains of Mycobacterium abscessus Complex Isolated from South India"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Kumaran","family":"Oudhaya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry 605 006, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8271-3754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellappan","family":"Kalaiarasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry 605 006, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anoop","family":"Alex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leix\u00f5es, Av. General Norton de Matos s\/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal"},{"name":"Tezzonix Research, Bioinformatics & Computational Biology Division, Tezzonmaart Technology Ventures Pvt. Ltd., Kochi 686 691, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kooleri Padinjare Veetil","family":"Hyma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry 605 006, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harishni","family":"Padmanaban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry 605 006, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5056-1776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sangitha","family":"Jayagandan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry 605 006, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noyal Mariya","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry 605 006, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"002005","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.002005","article-title":"Drug susceptibility profiles of Mycobacterium abscessus isolated in the state of S\u00e3o Paulo, 2008\u20132024","volume":"74","author":"Pedace","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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