{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T19:28:12Z","timestamp":1790278092286,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect. Dis. Rep.","Infectious Disease Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Ignatzschineria species are rare emerging human pathogens that are typically associated with myiasis. Methods: We report the first case of Ignatzschineria indica bacteraemia in Greece in a male patient presenting with maggot-infested wounds of the thorax, shoulders, and arms. The isolate was identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to EUCAST guidance. A review of the published literature on I. indica bacteraemia was also conducted. Results: The patient was diagnosed with bacteraemia caused by a multisusceptible I. indica isolate and was successfully treated with antibiotic therapy, resulting in complete recovery. This represents the first reported case of I. indica infection in Greece. Review of the literature showed that most published I. indica isolates were susceptible to a broad range of antimicrobial agents, and all reported patients survived, although some required limb amputation because of severe underlying soft tissue disease. Conclusions: Ignatzschineria indica infection should be considered in patients with neglected, maggot-infested wounds. Increased awareness of this emerging pathogen, together with the use of modern microbiological identification methods, may improve recognition of these uncommon infections. Socio-economic inequalities and the changing distribution of insect vectors due to climate change may contribute to the occurrence of such infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/idr18040083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T09:14:28Z","timestamp":1786094068000},"page":"83","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["First Report of Ignatzschineria indica Infection in Greece and Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Vasilakopoulou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Attikon University Hospital, Athens Medical School, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evaggelia","family":"Oikonomoula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Attikon University Hospital, Athens Medical School, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Anagnosti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Attikon University Hospital, Athens Medical School, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9851-3323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavlos","family":"Siozos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Internal Medicine\u2014Propaedeutic, Attikon University Hospital, Athens Medical School, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Liakopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Internal Medicine\u2014Propaedeutic, Attikon University Hospital, Athens Medical School, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5999-2626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Kalogeropoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Attikon University Hospital, Athens Medical School, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Damianidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Attikon University Hospital, Athens Medical School, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3768-4023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polyxeni","family":"Karakosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Attikon University Hospital, Athens Medical School, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0878-5124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia","family":"Vourli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacteriology and Antimicrobial Resistance Mechanisms, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre of Scientific Research Demokritos, 15341 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6211-6573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiota-Christina","family":"Georgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Attikon University Hospital, Athens Medical School, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1880-7366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasios","family":"Ioannidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Attikon University Hospital, Athens Medical School, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Peloponnese, 22131 Tripoli, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6298-9577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spyros","family":"Pournaras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Attikon University Hospital, Athens Medical School, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.018622-0","article-title":"Ignatzschineria indica sp. nov. and Ignatzschineria ureiclastica sp. nov., isolated from adult flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)","volume":"61","author":"Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez, I.R., and Leclercq, M. (2023, January 08). Data on Distribution of Screwworm Fly Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Schiner) in Southwestern Europe (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Notes Fauniques de Gembloux. Available online: https:\/\/www.cabdirect.org\/cabdirect\/abstract\/19950503483."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-005-0090-6","article-title":"Bacteria isolated from the different developmental stages and larval organs of the obligate parasitic fly, Wohlfahrtia magnifica (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)","volume":"51","author":"Hell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2020.e00723","article-title":"Emerging pathogens: A case of Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica and Ignatzschineria indica bacteremia","volume":"19","author":"Snyder","year":"2020","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13627","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000013627","article-title":"Myiasis-induced sepsis: A rare case report of Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica and Ignatzschineria indica bacteremia in the continental United States","volume":"97","author":"Lysaght","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.08.010","article-title":"Fleshflies in the flesh: Epidemiology, population genetics and control of outbreaks of traumatic myiasis in the Mediterranean Basin","volume":"174","author":"Sotiraki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000078","DOI":"10.1099\/acmi.0.000078","article-title":"Ignatzschineria indica bacteremia in a patient with a maggot-infested heel ulcer: A case report and literature review","volume":"2","author":"Deslandes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Access Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.64686-0","article-title":"Proposal to replace the illegitimate genus name Schineria T\u00f3th et al. 2001 with the genus name Ignatzschineria gen. nov. and to replace the illegitimate combination Schineria larvae T\u00f3th et al. 2001 with Ignatschineria larvae comb. nov","volume":"57","author":"Borsodi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4432","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02183-14","article-title":"First case reports of Ignatzschineria (Schineria) indica associated with myiasis","volume":"52","author":"Barker","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2021.e01354","article-title":"A case of sepsis due to a rare carbapenem-resistant Ignatzschineria species","volume":"27","author":"Maniam","year":"2022","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2018.02.009","article-title":"First case of sepsis by Ignatzschineria in Spain associated with myiasis. Description of a case and review of the literature","volume":"37","year":"2019","journal-title":"Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Cl\u00edn."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calderaro, A., and Chezzi, C. (2024). MALDI-TOF MS: A Reliable Tool in the Real Life of the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12020322"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02604-06","article-title":"Evaluation of the colorimetric VITEK 2 card for identification of gram-negative nonfermentative rods: Comparison to 16S rRNA gene sequencing","volume":"45","author":"Zbinden","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"2","article-title":"Sphingomonas Paucimobilis Bacteremia in a Hemodialysis Patient and Literature Review","volume":"4","author":"Gursoy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Crit. Care Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2026, July 29). BioMerieux Webpage. Available online: https:\/\/www.biomerieux.com\/."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2026, July 30). EUCAST Guidance Document on When There Are no Breakpoints. Available online: https:\/\/www.eucast.org\/bacteria\/clinical-breakpoints-and-interpretation\/when-there-are-no-breakpoints\/."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3627","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.003046","article-title":"Ignatzschineria cameli sp. nov., isolated from necrotic foot tissue of dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) and associated maggots (Wohlfahrtia species) in Dubai","volume":"68","author":"Tsang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1304.061255","article-title":"Isolation of Schineria sp. from a man","volume":"13","author":"Roudiere","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1304.061151","article-title":"Human infection with Schineria larvae","volume":"13","author":"Maurin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2110.150748","article-title":"Association of Necrotizing Wounds Colonized by Maggots with Ignatzschineria\u2013Associated Septicemia","volume":"21","author":"Cecile","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005043","DOI":"10.1099\/jmmcr.0.005043","article-title":"A case of Ignatzschineria bacteraemia in an unconscious man from the Netherlands","volume":"3","author":"Heddema","year":"2016","journal-title":"JMM Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"3698124","article-title":"A Case of Ignatzschineria indica Bacteremia following Maggot Colonization","volume":"2017","author":"Muse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Case Rep. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005151","DOI":"10.1099\/jmmcr.0.005151","article-title":"Sepsis secondary to complicated skin and soft tissue infection caused by Ignatzschineria indica. First case report in Latin America","volume":"5","author":"Cipolla","year":"2018","journal-title":"JMM Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2021.e01151","article-title":"Ignatzschineria spp. bacteremia from maggot infestation","volume":"25","author":"Do","year":"2021","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"194","article-title":"Ignatzschineria indica bloodstream infection associated with maggot infestation of a wound in a patient from canada","volume":"5","author":"Fear","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Med. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. Can."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"2025","article-title":"The first report of Ignatzschineria indica, Ignatzschineria ureiclastica and Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica Bacteremia in two patients with fly larvae-infested wounds in Scandinavia","volume":"18","author":"Christiansen","year":"2026","journal-title":"IJID Reg."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiac.2025.102607","article-title":"Polymicrobial bacteremia including Ignatzschineria indica caused by myiasis in a female patient with carcinoma of unknown primary","volume":"31","author":"Mura","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Infect. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"5","article-title":"Ignatzschineria indica Bacteremia Initially Misdiagnosed in a Patient with a Maggot-Infested Wound","volume":"16","author":"Strike","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Bruker Corporation (2016). MBT 6903 MSP Library (#1829023), Bruker Corporation. Release Notes."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-6145-7","article-title":"Myiasis in humans\u2014A global case report evaluation and literature analysis","volume":"118","author":"Bernhardt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2021.59.2.159","article-title":"Ignatzschineria larvae bacteremia following lucilia sp. Myiasis in an irregular migrant: A case report","volume":"59","author":"Nadrah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."}],"container-title":["Infectious Disease Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2036-7449\/18\/4\/83\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T09:38:24Z","timestamp":1786095504000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2036-7449\/18\/4\/83"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["idr18040083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/idr18040083","relation":{},"ISSN":["2036-7449"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2036-7449","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]}}}