{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T21:01:56Z","timestamp":1781125316231,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,28]],"date-time":"2013-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1359331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Panel studies show a consistent association between increase in the cardiovascular hospitalizations with air pollutants in economically developed regions, but little evidence in less developed inland areas. In this study, a time-series analysis was used to examine the specific effects of major air pollutants [particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxides (NO2)] on daily hospital admissions for cardio-cerebrovascular diseases in Lanzhou, a heavily polluted city in China. We examined the effects of air pollutants for stratified groups by age and gender, and conducted the modifying effect of seasons on air pollutants to test the possible interaction. The significant associations were found between PM10, SO2 and NO2 and cardiac disease admissions, SO2 and NO2 were found to be associated with the cerebrovascular disease admissions. The elderly was associated more strongly with gaseous pollutants than younger. The modifying effect of seasons on air pollutants also existed. The significant effect of gaseous pollutants (SO2 and NO2) was found on daily hospital admissions even after adjustment for other pollutants except for SO2 on cardiac diseases. In a word, this study provides the evidence for the detrimental short-term health effects of urban gaseous pollutants on cardio-cerebrovascular diseases in Lanzhou.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10020462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,28]],"date-time":"2013-01-28T11:00:47Z","timestamp":1359370847000},"page":"462-477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Short-Term Effects of Gaseous Pollutants and Particulate Matter on Daily Hospital Admissions for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease in Lanzhou: Evidence from a Heavily Polluted City in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Shan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Atmospheric Science, Center for Meteorological Environment and Human Health, Lanzhou University, the Gansu key Laboratory of Arid Climate Change and Reducing Disaster, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minzhen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Atmospheric Science, Center for Meteorological Environment and Human Health, Lanzhou University, the Gansu key Laboratory of Arid Climate Change and Reducing Disaster, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Atmospheric Science, Center for Meteorological Environment and Human Health, Lanzhou University, the Gansu key Laboratory of Arid Climate Change and Reducing Disaster, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kezheng","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Atmospheric Science, Center for Meteorological Environment and Human Health, Lanzhou University, the Gansu key Laboratory of Arid Climate Change and Reducing Disaster, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Available online:http:\/\/www.who.int\/healthinfo\/global_burden_disease\/cod_2008_sources_methods.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa050467","article-title":"Major causes of death among men and women in China","volume":"353","author":"He","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2007.07.025","article-title":"Short term effects of air pollution on hospitalizations for cardiovascular diseases in eight French cities: The psas program","volume":"387","author":"Larrieu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. Total Envir."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0211067","article-title":"A tale of two cities: Effects of air pollution on hospital admissions in Hong Kong and London compared","volume":"110","author":"Wong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11257","article-title":"Public health and air pollution in Asia (PAPA): A multicity study of short-term effects of air pollution on mortality","volume":"116","author":"Wong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-668X(02)00808-4","article-title":"The association of daily sulfur dioxide air pollution levels with hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases in Europe (the Aphea-II study)","volume":"24","author":"Sunyer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2005.037978","article-title":"Air pollution and cardiovascular admissions association in Spain: Results within the emecas project","volume":"60","author":"Ballester","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8674","article-title":"The effects of air pollution on hospitalizations for cardiovascular disease in elderly people in australian and New Zealand cities","volume":"114","author":"Barnett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.54.8.535","article-title":"Daily time series for cardiovascular hospital admissions and previous day\u2019s air pollution in London, UK","volume":"54","author":"Poloniecki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2004.07.005","article-title":"Air pollution and hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease in Taipei, Taiwan","volume":"98","author":"Chang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.05.022","article-title":"The association between fine particulate air pollution and hospital emergency room visits for cardiovascular diseases in Beijing, China","volume":"407","author":"Guo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"S170","article-title":"Time-series analysis of air pollution and cardiovascular mortality in Beijing, China","volume":"19","author":"Pan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.45.119","article-title":"A case-crossover analysis of air pollution and daily mortality in Shanghai","volume":"45","author":"Kan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2010.05.002","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and hospital admission in Shanghai, China","volume":"181","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.10.013","article-title":"The short-term effect of air pollution on cardiovascular mortality in Tianjin, China: Comparison of time series and case-crossover analyses","volume":"409","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Total Envir."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/00039890009603397","article-title":"Air pollution and daily mortality in Shenyang, China","volume":"55","author":"Xu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Qi, B., Zhang, Z., Zhu, X., Ma, M., and Ding, X. (2001). Environment and atmospheric pollution. Gansu Province, China. Gansu Nationality Press, 200\u2013252. (In Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Available online:http:\/\/www.who.int\/phe\/health_topics\/outdoorair\/databases\/en\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A187","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.12737","article-title":"Health impact of outdoor air pollution in china: Current knowledge and future research needs","volume":"117","author":"Kan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7387","article-title":"Estimating the exposure-response relationships between particulate matter and mortality within the Aphea multicity project","volume":"113","author":"Samoli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.07.021","article-title":"Association of ambient air pollution with hospital outpatient and emergency room visits in Shanghai, China","volume":"407","author":"Cao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Total Envir."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9266","article-title":"Does particulate matter modify the association between temperature and cardiorespiratory diseases?","volume":"114","author":"Ren","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1177\/096228029500400302","article-title":"Generalized additive models for medical research","volume":"4","author":"Hastie","year":"1995","journal-title":"Stat. Methods Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2007.10.001","article-title":"Does temperature modify short-term effects of ozone on total mortality in 60 large eastern us communities?\u2014An assessment using the nmmaps data","volume":"34","author":"Ren","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8062109","article-title":"Study on the association between ambient air pollution and daily cardiovascular and respiratory mortality in an urban district of Beijing","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2011.07.055","article-title":"Effect of ambient air pollution on daily mortality rates in Guangzhou, China","volume":"46","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.08.058","article-title":"Coarse particles and mortality in three chinese cities: The China air pollution and health effects study (capes)","volume":"409","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.295.10.1127","article-title":"Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases","volume":"295","author":"Dominici","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.55.1.57","article-title":"Air pollution and emergency hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases in Valencia, Spain","volume":"55","author":"Ballester","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.56.10.773","article-title":"Short-term effects of particulate air pollution on cardiovascular diseases in eight European cities","volume":"56","author":"Medina","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000189687.78760.47","article-title":"Air pollution and hospital admissions for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke among medicare beneficiaries","volume":"36","author":"Wellenius","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2612","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000095564.33543.64","article-title":"Evidence for an association between air pollution and daily stroke admissions in Kaohsiung, Taiwan","volume":"34","author":"Tsai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"405","article-title":"Air pollution and blood markers of cardiovascular risk","volume":"109","author":"Schwartz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)01211-7","article-title":"Increased plasma viscosity during an air pollution episode: A link to mortality?","volume":"349","author":"Peters","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.54.11.1027","article-title":"Particulate air pollution and the blood","volume":"54","author":"Seaton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.56.10.679","article-title":"Air pollution and hospital admissions for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in hong kong","volume":"56","author":"Wong","year":"1999","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"No. 57","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-9-57","article-title":"Gaseous air pollution and emergency hospital visits for hypertension in Beijing, China: A time-stratified case-crossover study","volume":"9","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1006\/enrs.1995.1063","article-title":"The effects of sulfur dioxide inhalation and antioxidant vitamins on red blood cell lipoperoxidation","volume":"71","author":"Etlik","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi035","article-title":"Effects of air pollution on blood pressure and heart rate variability: A panel study of vehicular traffic controllers in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil","volume":"26","author":"Braga","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2004.051672","article-title":"Effect of inhaled sulphur dioxide and carbon particles on heart rate variability and markers of inflammation and coagulation in human subjects","volume":"92","author":"Routledge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2003.08.026","article-title":"Gaseous and particulate air pollution in the Lanzhou valley, China","volume":"320","author":"Ta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sci. Total Envir."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.57.12.818","article-title":"Daily concentrations of air pollution and plasma fibrinogen in London","volume":"57","author":"Pekkanen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2006.058123","article-title":"Cardiac arrhythmia emergency room visits and environmental air pollution in Sao Paulo, Brazil","volume":"62","author":"Santos","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjr.0000185975.44265.2e","article-title":"Association between nitrogen dioxide and heart rate variability in a susceptible population","volume":"12","author":"Chan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2008.11.128","article-title":"Standard deviation of normal interbeat intervals as a risk marker in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction: A meta-analysis","volume":"141","author":"Barbosa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10851","article-title":"Season, sex, age, and education as modifiers of the effects of outdoor air pollution on daily mortality in Shanghai, China: The public health and air pollution in Asia (PAPA) study","volume":"116","author":"Kan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2007.12.013","article-title":"Particulate air pollution in lanzhou china","volume":"34","author":"Chu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10847","article-title":"High temperatures enhanced acute mortality effects of ambient particle pollution in the \u201coven\u201d city of Wuhan, China","volume":"116","author":"Qian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108419","article-title":"Exposure measurement error in time-series studies of air pollution: Concepts and consequences","volume":"108","author":"Zeger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/10\/2\/462\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:44:35Z","timestamp":1760219075000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/10\/2\/462"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,28]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph10020462"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph10020462","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1660-4601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,1,28]]}}}