{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T14:13:59Z","timestamp":1774534439887,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,29]],"date-time":"2013-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1369785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: There is very little evidence globally on tobacco use and nicotine dependence among civilian populations affected by armed conflict, despite key vulnerability factors related to elevated mental disorders and socio-economic stressors.  The study aim was to describe patterns of smoking and nicotine dependence among conflict-affected civilian men in the Republic of Georgia and associations with mental disorders. Methods: A cross-sectional household survey using multistage random sampling was conducted in late 2011 among conflict-affected populations in Georgia. Respondents included in this paper were 1,248 men aged \u226518 years who were internally displaced persons (IDPs) and former IDPs who had returned in their home areas. Outcomes of current tobacco use, heavy use (\u226520 cigarettes per day), and nicotine dependence (using the Fagerstr\u00f6m Test for Nicotine Dependence) were used. PTSD, depression, anxiety and hazardous alcohol use were also measured, along with exposure to traumatic events and a range of demographic and socio-economic characteristics. Results: Of 1,248 men, 592 (47.4%) smoked and 70.9% of current smokers were heavy smokers. The mean nicotine dependence score was 5.0 and the proportion with high nicotine dependence (\u22656) was 41.4%. In multivariate regression analyses, nicotine dependence was significantly associated with PTSD (\u03b2 0.74) and depression (\u03b2 0.85), along with older age (except  65+ years), and being a returnee (compared to IDPs). Conclusions: The study reveals very high levels of heavy smoking and nicotine dependence among conflict-affected persons in Georgia. The associations between nicotine dependence, PTSD and depression suggest interventions could yield synergistic benefits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10062185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,29]],"date-time":"2013-05-29T11:59:57Z","timestamp":1369828797000},"page":"2185-2197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Tobacco Use and Nicotine Dependence among Conflict-Affected Men in the Republic of Georgia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Bayard","family":"Roberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"European Centre on Health of Societies in Transition, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivdity","family":"Chikovani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curatio International Foundations, Tbilisi 0162, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nino","family":"Makhashvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Initiative on Psychiatry, Tbilisi 0162, Georgia"},{"name":"Ilia State University, Tbilisi 0162, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vikram","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine,  15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"McKee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Centre on Health of Societies in Transition, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2012). 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