{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T05:26:19Z","timestamp":1761197179894,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,25]],"date-time":"2013-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1372118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fetal growth is an important risk factor for infant morbidity and mortality.  In turn, socioeconomic status is a key predictor of fetal growth; however, other sociodemographic factors and environmental effects may also be important. This study modelled geographic variation in poor fetal growth after accounting for socioeconomic status, with a fixed effect for socioeconomic status and a combination of spatially-correlated and spatially-uncorrelated random effects. The dataset comprised 88,246 liveborn singletons, aggregated within suburbs in Perth, Western Australia. Low socioeconomic status was strongly associated with an increased risk of poor fetal growth. An increase in geographic variation of poor fetal growth from 1999\u20132001 (interquartile odds ratio among suburbs = 1.20) to 2004\u20132006 (interquartile odds ratio = 1.40) indicated a widening risk disparity by socioeconomic status. Low levels of residual spatial patterns strengthen the case for targeting policies and practices in areas of low socioeconomic status for improved outcomes. This study indicates an alarming increase in geographic inequalities in poor fetal growth in Perth which warrants further research into the specific aspects of socioeconomic status that act as risk factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10072606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,25]],"date-time":"2013-06-25T12:43:50Z","timestamp":1372164230000},"page":"2606-2620","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Socioeconomic Status Accounts for Rapidly Increasing Geographic Variation in the Incidence of Poor Fetal Growth"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Stephen","family":"Ball","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, P.O. Box 855, West Perth WA 6872, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Jacoby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, P.O. Box 855, West Perth WA 6872, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Zubrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, P.O. Box 855, West Perth WA 6872, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2011.565837","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality patterns in small-for-gestational age infants born preterm","volume":"25","author":"Giapros","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal. Neonatal. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"150","article-title":"Mortality and morbidity in preterm small-for-gestational-age infants: A population-based study","volume":"206","author":"Reichman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20751","article-title":"Birth weight in children with birth defects","volume":"91","author":"Sanin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. A Clin. Mol. 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