{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:32:11Z","timestamp":1760243531899,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,12]],"date-time":"2013-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1373587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aims were to examine the association of lone-motherhood with smoking cessation and relapse, and to investigate the extent to which this association was accounted for by socioeconomic status (education, occupation, and income), social support, and mental health. We used data from 10 yearly waves (2001 to 2010) of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey. Response rate in the first wave was 66%. Logistic regression was used to examine the effect of lone-motherhood and other covariates on smoking cessation (n = 2,878) and relapse (n = 3,242). Results showed that the age-adjusted odds of smoking cessation were 32% smaller among lone mothers than partnered mothers (p = 0.004). The age-adjusted odds of relapse was 172% greater among lone mothers than partnered mothers (p &lt; 0.001). We found that socioeconomic status, social support, and mental health account for some of the association of lone motherhood and cessation and relapse. While efforts to reduce the smoking prevalence among lone mothers should focus on their material deprivation, availability of social support, and addressing mental health issues, other factors unique to the lives of lone mothers also need to be taken into account. More research is needed to discover other factors that can explain the association of lone-motherhood and smoking behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10072906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,12]],"date-time":"2013-07-12T10:55:35Z","timestamp":1373626535000},"page":"2906-2919","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Association of Lone-Motherhood with Smoking  Cessation and Relapse: Prospective Results from an  Australian National Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Siahpush","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Social and Behavioral Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984365 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha,  NE 68198-4365, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raees","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Social and Behavioral Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984365 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha,  NE 68198-4365, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Tibbits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Social and Behavioral Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984365 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha,  NE 68198-4365, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terry","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Social and Behavioral Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984365 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha,  NE 68198-4365, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gopal","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Epidemiology and Research, Division of Epidemiology, HRSA\/Maternal and Child Health Bureau, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 5600 Fishers lane, Room 18-41, Rockville, MD 20857, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-006-0125-4","article-title":"Mental health problems among single and partnered mothers. The role of financial hardship and social support","volume":"42","author":"Crosier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.2004.tb00630.x","article-title":"Why is lone-motherhood so strongly associated with smoking in Australia?","volume":"28","author":"Siahpush","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aust. Aust. New Zeal. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"36","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of smoking among lone mothers in Australia","volume":"26","author":"Siahpush","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aust. New Zeal. J. Publ. Health"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Brodsky, G., Buckley, M., Day, S., and Young, M. (2005). Human Rights Denied: Single Mothers on Social Assistance in British Columbia, Poverty and Human Rights Centre."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703007347","article-title":"Lone mothers, social exclusion and depression","volume":"33","author":"Targosz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-010-0169-9","article-title":"Socioeconomic status, social support and self-rated health among lone mothers in South Korea","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1080\/07399330591004845","article-title":"Lone mothers are at higher risk for cardiovascular disease compared with partnered mothers. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III)","volume":"55","author":"Young","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Care Women Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.11.014","article-title":"Health inequalities between lone and couple mothers and policy under different welfare regimes\u2014The example of Italy, Sweden and Britain","volume":"70","author":"Burstrom","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2005.039784","article-title":"Socioeconomic lifecourse influences on women\u2019s smoking status in early adulthood","volume":"60","author":"Graham","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.10.041","article-title":"Lifecourse influences on women\u2019s smoking before, during and after pregnancy","volume":"70","author":"Graham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-009-9307-1","article-title":"Life course socioeconomic conditions, passive tobacco exposures and cigarette smoking in a multiethnic birth cohort of US women","volume":"20","author":"Tehranifar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Canc. Causes Contr."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Hayes, A., Weston, R., Qu, L., and Gray, M. (2010). Families then and Now, 1980\u20132010, Australian Institute of Family Studies."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Baxter, J., and Renda, J. (2009, January 16\u201317). Stability of Lone Mothers\u2019 Employment. Proceedings of 2009 HILDA Conference, Melbourne, Australia."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"32","article-title":"The experience of single mothers: Community and other external influences relating to resilience","volume":"23","author":"Cheeseman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aust. Community Psychol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntq051","article-title":"Socioeconomic disparities in quit intentions, quit attempts, and smoking abstinence among smokers in four western countries: Findings from the international tobacco control four country survey","volume":"12","author":"Reid","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2008.025981","article-title":"Explaining the social gradient in smoking cessation: It\u2019s not in the trying, but in the succeeding","volume":"18","author":"Kotz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01292.x","article-title":"Financial stress, smoking cessation and relapse: Results from a prospective study of an Australian national sample","volume":"110","author":"Siahpush","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.4278\/0701094R1.1","article-title":"Social support, network heterogeneity, and smoking behavior in women: The 10-town study","volume":"22","author":"Vaananen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Promot."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.54.4.447","article-title":"Social support and smoking cessation and maintenance","volume":"54","author":"Mermelstein","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1151","article-title":"The significance of social support in the maintenance of smoking abstinence in the population smoking cessation program","volume":"61","author":"Broszkiewicz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Przegl. Lek."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntq077","article-title":"Social support in smoking cessation: Reconciling theory and evidence","volume":"12","author":"Westmaas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-011-0272-6","article-title":"What accounts for depressive symptoms among mothers? The impact of socioeconomic status, family structure and psychosocial stress","volume":"56","author":"Sperlich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"124","article-title":"Inequalities in morbidity and consulting behaviour for socially vulnerable groups","volume":"52","author":"Baker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00251-8","article-title":"Does financial hardship account for elevated psychological distress in lone mothers?","volume":"49","author":"Hope","year":"1999","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"520","article-title":"Anxiety disorders and cigarette smoking: Results from the Australian Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing","volume":"44","author":"Lawrence","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust. New Zeal. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3109\/10398569809082333","article-title":"The relevance of smoking and nicotine to clinical psychiatry","volume":"6","author":"Wilhelm","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aust. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.4.546","article-title":"Cigarette smoking: Implications for psychiatric illness","volume":"150","author":"Glassman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Summerfield, M., Dunn, R., Freidin, S., Hahn, M., Ittak, P., Kecmanovic, M., Li, N., Macalalad, N., Watson, N., and Wilkins, R. (2011). HILDA User Manual. Release 10, Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(1997). ASCO, Australian Standard Classification of Occupations (Catalogue no. 1220.0)."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/07350015.1988.10509663","article-title":"Missing-data adjustments in large surveys","volume":"6","author":"Little","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Bus. Econ. Stat."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Williams, T., and Bailey, L. (, January July). Compensating for Missing Wave Data in the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). Proceedings of the Survey Research Methods Section, American Statistical Association, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Little, R.J., and Su, H. (1989). Item non-response in panel surveys. Panel Surv., 400\u2013425."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Ware, J.E., Kosinski, M., Dewey, J.E., and Gandek, B. (2000). SF-36 Health Survey: Manual and Interpretation Guide, Quality Metric Inc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-009-0161-y","article-title":"The mental health of young people with disabilities: Impact of social conditions","volume":"46","author":"Honey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2009.104893","article-title":"Marital loss, mental health and the role of perceived social support: Findings from six waves of an Australian population based panel study","volume":"66","author":"Hewitt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Wolter, K.M. (2007). Introduction to Variance Estimation, Springer. [2nd]."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Stata, C. (2011). Stata Statistical Software: Release 12, StataCorp. [Special ed.]."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Dorsett, R., and Marsh, A. (1998). The Health Trap: Poverty, Smoking and Lone Parenthood, Policy Studies Institute."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2006.016279","article-title":"Sociodemographic and psychosocial correlates of smoking-induced deprivation and its effect on quitting: Findings from the international tobacco control policy evaluation survey","volume":"16","author":"Siahpush","year":"2007","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02599.x","article-title":"Smokers with financial stress are more likely to want to quit but less likely to try or succeed: Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) four country survey","volume":"104","author":"Siahpush","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii83","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2005.013516","article-title":"Individual-level predictors of cessation behaviors among participants in the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Policy Evaluation Study","volume":"15","author":"Hyland","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200110050484","article-title":"Any further progress in smoking cessation treatment?","volume":"3","author":"Baker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, E., Schultz, J., Tudiver, F., Campbell, T., and Becker, L. (2004). Enhancing partner support to improve smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002928.pub2"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Fiore, M., Bailey, W., Cohen, S., Dorfman, S., Goldstein, M., Gritz, E.R., Heyman, R.B., Ja\u00e9n, C.R., Kottke, T.E., and Lando, H.A. (2000). Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: Clinical Practice Guidelines, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Fiore, M.C., Jaen, C.R., Baker, T.B., Bailey, W.C., Benowitz, N.L., Curry, S.J., Dorfman, S.F., Froelicher, E.S., Goldstein, M.G., and Healton, C.G. (2008). Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: Clinical Practice Guideline 2008 Update, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-012-0299-2","article-title":"Treatment of tobacco dependence in people with mental health and addictive disorders","volume":"14","author":"Mackowick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.56.3.167","article-title":"Validation of self reported smoking by serum cotinine measurement in a community-based study","volume":"56","author":"Vartiainen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.293.6556.1217","article-title":"Does breathing other people\u2019s tobacco smoke cause lung cancer?","volume":"293","author":"Wald","year":"1986","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.8.807","article-title":"Factors associated with discrepancies between self-reports on cigarette smoking and measured serum cotinine levels among persons aged 17 years or older: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988\u20131994","volume":"153","author":"Caraballo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.56.3.163","article-title":"Validation of self reported smoking: The use of cotinine as a biomarker for exposure to smoking","volume":"56","author":"Rebagliato","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2007.03.013","article-title":"Participation rates in epidemiologic studies","volume":"17","author":"Galea","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(97)00013-6","article-title":"The effect of nonresponse on estimation of relative risk in a case-control study","volume":"7","author":"Kreiger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00782951","article-title":"Using longitudinal data to estimate nonresponse bias","volume":"26","author":"Page","year":"1991","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatr. Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470743874.ch10","article-title":"Identifying Factors Affecting Longitudinal Survey Response","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Watson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Methodology of Longitudinal Surveys"},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Summerfield, M., Freidin, S., Hahn, M., Ittak, P., Li, N., and Macalalad, N. (2012). HILDA User Manual-Release 11, Melbourne Institute of Applied Economic and Social Research."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-005-0019-x","article-title":"Does single parenthood increase the probability of teenage promiscuity, substance use, and crime?","volume":"20","author":"Antecol","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Popul. Econ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00395.x","article-title":"Family structure and adolescent cigarette smoking in eleven European countries","volume":"98","author":"Bjarnason","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(02)00014-X","article-title":"Adolescent smoking and family structure in Europe","volume":"56","author":"Griesbach","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"General, U.S. (2006). The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General, Department of Health and Human Services."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2005.042572","article-title":"The contribution of smoking to socio-economic differentials in mortality: Results from the Melbourne collaborative cohort study, Australia","volume":"60","author":"Siahpush","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/10\/7\/2906\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:47:55Z","timestamp":1760219275000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1660-4601\/10\/7\/2906"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,12]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijerph10072906"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph10072906","relation":{},"ISSN":["1660-4601"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1660-4601"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,12]]}}}