{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T12:41:39Z","timestamp":1770986499347,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,20]],"date-time":"2013-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1376956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alcohol consumption, a larger history of childhood parental rejection, and  high prenatal androgen exposure have been linked with facilitation and high risk of recidivism in intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrators. Participants were distributed into two groups according to their alcohol consumption scores as high (HA) and low (LA). HA presented a higher history of childhood parental rejection, prenatal masculinization (smaller 2D:4D ratio), and violence-related scores than LA IPV perpetrators. Nonetheless, the former showed poor socio-cognitive skills performance (cognitive flexibility, emotional recognition and cognitive empathy). Particularly in HA IPV perpetrators, the history of childhood parental rejection was associated with high hostile sexism and low cognitive empathy. Moreover, a masculinized 2D:4D ratio was associated with high anger expression and low cognitive empathy. Parental rejection during childhood and early androgen exposure are relevant factors for the development of violence and the lack of adequate empathy in adulthood. Furthermore, alcohol abuse plays a key role in the development of socio-cognitive impairments and in the proneness to violence and its recidivism. These findings contribute to new coadjutant violence intervention programs, focused on the rehabilitation of basic executive functions and emotional decoding processes and on the treatment of alcohol dependence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10083753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,20]],"date-time":"2013-08-20T11:33:57Z","timestamp":1376998437000},"page":"3753-3770","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["The Contribution of Childhood Parental Rejection and  Early Androgen Exposure to Impairments in Socio-Cognitive Skills in Intimate Partner Violence Perpetrators with High Alcohol Consumption"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5922-0265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Romero-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0522-7461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisol","family":"Lila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alba","family":"Catal\u00e1-Mi\u00f1ana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Criminal Justice Department, University of Illinois Springfield, Springfield, IL 62703, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Moya-Albiol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2010.07.001","article-title":"Biological correlates of intimate partner violence perpetration","volume":"15","author":"Pinto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aggress. 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