{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T05:33:09Z","timestamp":1789191189696,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,17]],"date-time":"2013-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1379376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In 2011 an unprecedented epidemic of equine encephalitis occurred in  south-eastern (SE) Australia following heavy rainfall and severe flooding in the preceding 2\u20134 months. Less than 6% of the documented cases occurred in Queensland, prompting the question of pre-existing immunity in Queensland horses. A small-scale serological survey was conducted on horses residing in one of the severely flood-affected areas of SE-Queensland. Using a flavivirus-specific blocking-ELISA we found that 63% (39\/62) of horses older than 3 years were positive for flavivirus antibodies, and of these 18% (7\/38) had neutralizing antibodies to Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV), Kunjin virus (WNVKUN) and\/or Alfuy virus (ALFV). The remainder had serum-neutralizing antibodies to viruses in the Kokobera virus (KOKV) complex or antibodies to unknown\/untested flaviviruses. Amongst eight yearlings one presented with clinical MVEV-encephalomyelitis, while another, clinically normal, had MVEV-neutralizing antibodies. The remaining six yearlings were flavivirus antibody negative. Of 19 foals born between August and November 2011 all were flavivirus antibody negative in January 2012. This suggests that horses in the area acquire over time active immunity to a range of flaviviruses. Nevertheless, the relatively infrequent seropositivity to MVEV, WNVKUN and ALFV (15%) suggests that factors other than pre-existing immunity may have contributed to the low incidence of arboviral disease in SE-Queensland horses during the 2011 epidemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10094432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,17]],"date-time":"2013-09-17T12:31:17Z","timestamp":1379421077000},"page":"4432-4443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Natural Exposure of Horses to Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses in South-East Queensland, Australia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Natalie","family":"Prow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4078, Australia"},{"name":"School of Biochemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4078, Australia"},{"name":"School of Biochemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jody","family":"Hobson-Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4078, Australia"},{"name":"School of Biochemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Kidd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Barton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roy","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4078, Australia"},{"name":"School of Biochemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helle","family":"Bielefeldt-Ohmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4078, Australia"},{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Thompson, R.C.A. 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