{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T03:35:13Z","timestamp":1773286513385,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,16]],"date-time":"2013-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1381881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>West Nile virus (WNV) was introduced to New York in 1999 and rapidly spread throughout North America and into parts of Central and South America. Displacement of the original New York (NY99) genotype by the North America\/West Nile 2002 (NA\/WN02) genotype occurred in 2002 with subsequent identification of a novel genotype in 2003 in isolates collected from the southwestern Unites States region (SW\/WN03 genotype). Both genotypes co-circulate to date. Subsequent WNV surveillance studies have confirmed additional genotypes in the United States that have become extinct due to lack of a selective advantage or stochastic effect; however, the dynamic emergence, displacement, and extinction of multiple WNV genotypes in the US from 1999\u20132012 indicates the continued evolution of WNV in North America.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10105111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,16]],"date-time":"2013-10-16T12:20:47Z","timestamp":1381926047000},"page":"5111-5129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Molecular Epidemiology and Evolution of West Nile Virus in North America"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Brian","family":"Mann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Diseases, Center for Tropical Diseases, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"McMullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Diseases, Center for Tropical Diseases, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Swetnam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Diseases, Center for Tropical Diseases, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Diseases, Center for Tropical Diseases, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1940.s1-20.471","article-title":"A neurotropic virus isolated from the blood of a native of Uganda","volume":"20","author":"Smithburn","year":"1940","journal-title":"Am. 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