{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T20:50:11Z","timestamp":1792702211686,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,11]],"date-time":"2013-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1384128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The interactions between genes and the environment are now regarded as the most probable explanation for autism. In this review, we summarize the results of a metallomics study in which scalp hair concentrations of 26 trace elements were examined for 1,967 autistic children (1,553 males and 414 females aged 0\u201315 years-old), and discuss recent advances in our understanding of epigenetic roles of infantile mineral imbalances in the pathogenesis of autism. In the 1,967 subjects, 584 (29.7%) and 347 (17.6%) were found deficient in zinc and magnesium, respectively, and the incidence rate of zinc deficiency was estimated at 43.5% in male and 52.5% in female infantile subjects aged 0\u20133 years-old.  In contrast, 339 (17.2%), 168 (8.5%) and 94 (4.8%) individuals were found to suffer from high burdens of aluminum, cadmium and lead, respectively, and 2.8% or less from mercury and arsenic. High toxic metal burdens were more frequently observed in the infants aged  0\u20133 years-old, whose incidence rates were 20.6%, 12.1%, 7.5%, 3.2% and 2.3% for aluminum, cadmium, lead, arsenic and mercury, respectively. These findings suggest that infantile zinc- and magnesium-deficiency and\/or toxic metal burdens may be critical and induce epigenetic alterations in the genes and genetic regulation mechanisms of neurodevelopment in the autistic children, and demonstrate that a time factor \u201cinfantile window\u201d is also critical for neurodevelopment and probably for therapy. Thus, early metallomics analysis may lead to early screening\/estimation and treatment\/prevention for the autistic neurodevelopment disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10116027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,11]],"date-time":"2013-11-11T12:41:10Z","timestamp":1384173670000},"page":"6027-6043","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Assessment of Infantile Mineral Imbalances in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Yasuda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"La Belle Vie Research Laboratory, 8-4 Nihonbashi-Tomizawacho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0006, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toyoharu","family":"Tsutsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"La Belle Vie Research Laboratory, 8-4 Nihonbashi-Tomizawacho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0006, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/479022a","article-title":"Autism counts","volume":"479","author":"Weintraub","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09146","article-title":"Functional impact of global rare copy number variation in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"466","author":"Pinto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.6.1133","article-title":"Pervasive developmental disorders in preschool children: Confirmation of high prevalence","volume":"162","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Amer. 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