{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:34:36Z","timestamp":1760243676994,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,27]],"date-time":"2013-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJERPH"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sensitive indicators of spatial and temporal variation in vector-host contact rates are critical to understanding the transmission and eventual prevention of arboviruses such as West Nile virus (WNV). Monitoring vector contact rates on particularly susceptible and perhaps more exposed avian nestlings may provide an advanced indication of local WNV amplification. To test this hypothesis we monitored WNV infection and vector contact rates among nestlings occupying nest boxes (primarily Eastern bluebirds; Sialia sialis, Turdidae) across Henrico County, Virginia, USA, from May to August 2012. Observed  host-seeking rates were temporally variable and associated with absolute vector and host abundances. Despite substantial effort to monitor WNV among nestlings and mosquitoes, we did not detect the presence of WNV in these populations. Generally low vector-nestling host contact rates combined with the negative WNV infection data suggest that monitoring transmission parameters among nestling Eastern bluebirds in Henrico County, Virginia, USA may not be a sensitive indicator of WNV activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10126366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,27]],"date-time":"2013-11-27T14:43:20Z","timestamp":1385563400000},"page":"6366-6379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Vector Contact Rates on Eastern Bluebird Nestlings Do Not Indicate West Nile Virus Transmission in Henrico County, Virginia, USA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Kevin","family":"Caillou\u00ebt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Tammany Parish Mosquito Abatement District, 62512 Airport Rd. Bldg. 23, Slidell,  LA 70460, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 West Cary St., Richmond,  VA 23284, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 West Cary St., Richmond,  VA 23284, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Wheeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 830 East Main St., Richmond, VA 23219, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Komar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,  3150 Rampart Rd., Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lesley","family":"Bulluck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 West Cary St., Richmond,  VA 23284, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.3575","article-title":"Host heterogeneity dominates West Nile virus transmission","volume":"273","author":"Kilpatrick","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. 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